At.  uk. ... .  i     ...t  .n;i>..tt  H.L 


re 


UC-NRLF 


GIFT  OF 
AHTHU3  P.    3TOVEH 


UNIVERSITY  FARM 


TABLES 


SHOWING 

LOSS     OF     HEAD 

DUE   TO 

FRICTION   OF  WATER 
IN  PIPES. 

BY  EDMUND  B.  WESTON,  C.  E. 

Member  of  the   American   Society   of   Civil  Engineers;    Member 
of  the  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  of  Great  Britian. 


EZDITIOUNT. 


NEW  YOKK 
D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY 

23  MURRAY  AND  27  WARREN  STREETS 
1898 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LIBRARY 

BRANCH  OF  THE 


COPYRIGHT,  1896,  BY  D.  VAN  NOSTRAND  Co. 


AUTHOR'S  PREFACE. 


ABOUT  twenty  years  ago,  when  the  author 
first  commenced  to  make  a  practical  application 
of  hydraulic  formulas,  he  was  unable  to  find 
one  for  calculating  the  loss  of  head  due  to  the 
friction  of  water  flowing  in  pipes,  that  he  had 
not  heard  criticised  more  or  less  unfavorably 
by  hydraulic  engineers. 

This  unsatisfactory  state  of  affairs  led  him  to 
commence  to  make  special  investigations  upon 
the  subject,  and  to  collect  original  data  of  an 
experimental  nature  relating  to  the  same,  in 
order  to  prove  to  his  own  satisfaction,  if 
possible,  if  any  of  the  formulas  that  he  was 
familiar  with,  were  reliable  for  general  use, 
and,  if  not,  to  endeavor  to  construct  one. 

The  data  of  five  hundred  and  twenty  ex- 
periments, that  had  been  made  by  twenty-six 
different  investigators,  were  obtained. 

A  careful  study  of  these  experimental  data  con- 

it,  5-70 


II. 

vinced  the  author  that  the  same  formula  would 
not  apply  to  all  cases,  and  that  in  order  to  make 
an  intelligent  investigation,  it  would  be  necessary 
to  divide  the  data  into  the  three  following  classes, 
viz.,  that  which  had  been  obtained  with  pipes  hav- 
ing very  smooth  interior  sides  similar  to  lead  and 
brass  pipes,  that  which  had  been  obtained  with 
pipes  having  interior  sides  similar  to  new  cast- 
iron  pipes,  and  that  which  had  been  obtained 
with  pipes  having  interior  sides  similar  to  old 
cast-iron  pipes  whose  interior  sides  had  become 
roughened  by  oxidation. 

The  result  of  this  division,  was  the  construc- 
tion by  the  author  of  a  new  formula*  for  the 
flow  of  water  in  pipes  having  very  smooth 
interior  sides  similar  to  lead  and  brass  pipes, 
and  his  coming  to  the  conclusion  that  two 
formulas*  constructed  by  an  eminent  French 
Civil  Engineer,  the  late  Henry  Darcy,  were 
very  well  adapted  for  pipes  having  interior 
sides  similar  to  new  cast-iron  pipes. 

The  formula  for  smooth  pipes  by  the  authorT 

*  Transactions  Am.  Society  Civil  Engineers,  Vol.  XXII.,  1890. 


m. 

which  was  used  in  computing  Table  No.  1,  was 
constructed  from  the  results  o£  two  hundred 
and  thirty-eight  experiments,  that  were  made 
with  twenty-seven  different  pipes,  having  very 
smooth  interior  sides,  ranging  from  one-half 
inch  to  three  and  one-fourth  inch  in  diameter. 

The  formulas  for  new  cast-iron  pipes,  etc.,  by 
Darcy,  which  were  used  in  computing  Table  No. 
2,  were  verified  by  the  author  by  comparing 
them  with  the  results  of  one  hundred  and  forty- 
eight  experiments  that  were  made  with  twenty- 
five  different  pipes,  having  interior  sides  similar 
to  new  cast-iron  pipes,  ranging  from  three  and 
one-quarter  inch  to  ninety  inch  in  diameter. 

A  general  formula  was  not  discovered  which 
would  satisfactorily  apply  to  old  cast-iron  pipes 
having  interior  sides  that  had  become  roughened 
by  oxidation  and  it  was  not  possible  to  con- 
struct one  from  the  limited  data  at  hand.  The 
author  has,  however,  given  in  Table  No.  2,  a 
series  of  multipliers  which  can  be  used,  for 
preliminary  work,  in  connection  with  the  table, 
for  very  approximately  estimating  the  increase 
in  the  loss  of  head  due  to  friction  which  may 


IV. 

take  place  in  pipes  that  have  been  in  service 
five  or  more  years.  These  multipliers  have 
been  recently  computed  by  a  modification  of 
one  of  Darcy's  formulas  for  new  pipes  by  the 
author,  in  which  a  formula  by  Darcy  for  old 
pipes  and  the  results  of  a  number  of  experi- 
ments made  with  pipes  that  had  been  in  service 
from  about  two  to  about  seventeen  years  were 
taken  into  consideration. 

Darcy's  formulas  for  new  pipes  are  safe  and 
reliable  formulas  for  determining  the  size  of 
water  mains.  It  is  the  opinion  of  some  engineers, 
that  they  represent  more  accurately  the  flow  of 
water  in  pipes  that  have  been  in  service  a  short 
time  than  they  do  the  flow  of  water  in  absolutely 
new  and  clean  pipes. 

The  only  criticism  of  moment,  which  is  likely 
to  be  made  in  regard  to  an  engineer  who  uses 
Darcy's  formulas  for  new  pipes,  for  determining 
the  size  of  supply  and  distribution  pipes,  is, 
that  his  estimates  of  cost  are  too  high.  A 
criticism  of  this  kind,  however,  generally  helps 
the  reputation  of  an  engineer,  as  it  is  apt  to  give 
the  impression  that  he  is  a  safe  man.  The 


V. 

engineer,  on  the  contrary,  who  tries  to  figure 
out  the  size  of  a  pipe  to  the  lowest  possible 
limit  on  account  of  first  cost,  if  the  pipe  does 
not  come  up  to  the  capacity  for  which  it  was 
intended,  is  very  likely  to  be  blamed  for  having 
made  a  mistake,  and  his  well  meant  intentions 
relative  to  first  cost,  are,  in  the  majority  of 
cases,  ridiculed  instead  of  being  praised. 

A  first  edition  of  each  of  the  tables,  which 
were  arranged  and  computed  under  the  personal 
direction  of  the  author,  was  first  published  as 
an  appendix  to  an  Annual  Report  of  the  City 
Engineer  of  Providence,  R.  I. ;  viz.,  Table  No. 
1,  in  1890,  and  Table  No.  2,  in  1888.  The 
tables  were  reprinted  in  1892,  by  permission,  by 
the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  for 
the  use  of  its  Students  in  Civil  Engineering. 

The  tables  have  been  revised  and  enlarged  by 
the  author  since  the  above  mentioned  editions 
were  published,  and  this  edition  contains  the 
tables  as  revised  and  enlarged. 

EDMUND  B.  WESTON. 
PROVIDENCE,  R.  I.,  April,  1896. 


CONTENTS.     . 


PAGE. 

Table  No.  1,  Showing  the  Loss  of  Head  due 
to  the  Friction  of  Water  in  Pipes  having 
very  Smooth  Interior  Sides  similar  to 
Lead  and  Brass  Pipes,  including  a  des- 
cription, examples  and  a  supplementary 
table 1 

Table  No.  2,  Showing  the  Loss  of  Head  due 
to  the  Friction  of  Water  in  Pipes  having 
Interior  Sides  similar  to  New  Cast-iron 
Pipes,  including  a  description,  examples 
and  two  supplementary  tables 75 


TABLE    No.  1, 

SHOWING  THE   LOSS   OF  HEAD  DUE  TO  THE  FRIC- 
TION   OF    WATER    IN    PIPES    HAVING   VERY 
SMOOTH  INTERIOR  SIDES  SIMILAR  TO 
LEAD  AND  BRASS  PIPES. 

This  table  shows  the  Loss  o£  Head  due  to  the 
Friction  of  Water  flowing  in  Pipes  having  very 
Smooth  Interior  Sides  similar  to  Lead  and  Brass 
Pipes,  under  different  conditions  of  Velocity 
and  Discharge,  or  the  Inclination  neecessary  to 
maintain  the  given  Velocity  and  Discharge. 
The  table  also  gives  the  Head  required  to  pro- 
duce the  given  Velocity,  and  the  Loss  of  Head 
due  to  the  Orifice  of  Influx. 

The  table  includes  pipes  of  >£-inch,  %-inch, 
%-inch,  1-inch,  l/i-inch?  IK-inch,  2-inch,  2K- 
inch  and  3-inch  in  diameter. 

The  mean  internal  diameter  of  the  pipe,  that 
each  page  of  the  table  refers  to,  is  given  at  the 
head  of  each  page. 

The  first  column  of  the  table  gives  the  mean 


2         FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 

velocity,  in  feet  per  second,  of  the  water  flowing 
in  the  pipe. 

The  second  column  gives  the  head  required 
to  produce  the  velocity  in  the  first  column, 
calculated  by  the  laws  of  falling  bodies,  inde- 
pendent of  friction,  loss  of  head  due  to  influx, 
and  other  retarding  causes.  The  following  ex- 
pression was  used  in  calculating  the  results  in 
this  column : 

v2 
Head  required  to  produce  velocity  =  ^-' 

^j 

The  third  column  gives  the  discharge  in  U.  S. 
gallons  per  minute,  and  the  fifth  column  the 
discharge  in  U.  S.  gallons  per  twenty-four 
hours,  when  the  water  is  flowing  in  the  pipe 
with  the  velocity  given  in  the  first  column. 

The  fourth  column  gives  the  loss  of  head,  or 
the  resistance,  per  100  feet,  arising  from  the 
friction  of  the  water  against  the  interior  sides 
of  the  pipe,  when  the  velocity  of  flow  is  the 
same  as  the  velocity  in  the  first  column,  and 
the  discharge  the  same  as  the  discharge  in  the 
third  and  fifth  columns.  This  loss  of  head  is 
also  equivalent  to  the  inclination,  or  slope,  on 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.         3 

which  it  would  be  necessary  to  lay  the  pipe  in 
order  to  maintain  the  given  velocity  and  dis- 
charge. The  results  in  this  column  were  com- 
puted by  Weston's  formula.*  The  formula, 
which  must  only  be  applied  to  pipes  liaving  interior 
sides  similar  to  lead  and  brass  pipes  from  one-half 
inch  to  three  and  one-half  inches  in  diameter,  is 
as  follows : 

»=  (0.0126+  0-0315 -'O-MVI^. 
V  ^  v  I  d  20 

In  which  h  =  the  loss  of  head  due  to  friction, 

in  feet. 
d  =  the   internal    diameter    of    the 

pipe,  in  feet. 

t?  =  the  velocity  per  second,  in  feet. 
I  =  the  length  of  the  pipe,  in  feet. 
20  =  64.324. 

When  the  mean  velocity,  discharge,  and 
diameter  of  the  pipe  are  constant,  the  loss  of 
head  due  to  friction  is  directly  and  simply 
as  the  length,  consequently  the  loss  of  head 

*  Transactions,  Am.  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  Vol.  XXII.,  1890. 


4         FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 

due  to  friction  for  any  length  of  pipe  can  be 
readily  determined  from  the  table. 

The  sixth  column  gives  the  loss  of  head  due 
to  the  entrance  of  the  water  into  the  pipe,  with 
the  velocity  in  the  first  column,  when  the  edges  of 
the  inlet  end  of  the  pipe  are  square  and  flush 
with  the  face  of  a  wall  or  partition.  The  fol- 
lowing formula  was  used  in  calculating  the 
results  in  this  column : 

tf 

Loss  of  head  due  to  influx  =  0.505  -^-. 

*9 

If  the  pipe  is  connected  with  a  reservoir,  in 
the  manner  mentioned  in  the  description  of  the 
sixth  column,  and  laid  below  the  hydraulic 
grade  line,  the  sum  of  the  results  given  in  the 
second,  fourth,  and  sixth  columns,  is  the  total 
head,  or  the  head  that  will  be  required  to 
generate  the  velocity  in  the  first  column,  and 
the  discharge  in  the  third  and  fifth  columns. 

The  table  can  also  be  used  to  ascertain 
approximate  losses  of  head  due  to  friction,  and 
the  velocities  corresponding  to  the  same,  beyond 
the  highest  limits  of  the  table,  by  the  application 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.          5 

of  the  following  rule :  the  diameter  and  length 
of  the  pipe  being  constant,  the  loss  of  head 
varies  as  the  square  of  the  velocity  and  con- 
versely the  velocity  as  the  square  root  of  the 
loss  of  head.  The  results  obtained  in  this 
manner,  in  connection  with  the  table,  will  neces- 
sarily be  approximate,  as  the  coefficient  of 
friction  included  in  the  formula  used  in  com- 
puting the  table,  is  dependent  upon  both  the 
diameter  and  the  square  root  of  the  velocity. 
The  results  obtained  by  determining  the  loss  of 
head  due  to  friction,  by  the  square  of  the  velocity,, 
will  be  in  excess  of  what  the  formula  will  give : 
for  a  loss  of  head  of  3,000  feet,  due  to  friction,. 
in  a  pipe  100  feet  long,  for  the  diameters  given 
in  the  table,  it  would  average  about  eight  per 
cent,  more ;  and  the  results  obtained  by  deter- 
mining the  velocity  by  the  square  root  of  the 
loss  of  head  due  to  friction,  will  not  be  as  much 
as  the  formula  will  give :  for  a  velocity  corres- 
ponding to  a  loss  of  head  of  3,000  feet,  due  to 
friction,  in  a  pipe  100  feet  long,  for  the  diameters 
given  in  the  table,  it  would  average  about  four  per 
cent.  less.  For  a  loss  of  head  less  than  3,000 


()  FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 

f eet,  due  to  friction,  in  a  pipe  100  feet  long, 
and  its  corresponding  velocity,  the  error  in  a 
result  obtained  in  this  manner  would  be  pro- 
portionally less.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind, 
however,  that  in  determining  a  loss  of  head  due 
to  friction  or  a  velocity,  beyond  the  limits  of  the 
table  by  using  the  square  of  the  velocity  or  the 
square  root  of  the  loss  of  head  due  to  friction, 
that  in  each  instance  the  highest  velocity  or  loss  of 
head  due  to  friction  (for  each  diameter)  given  in  tlie 
table  must  be  used  as  the  base  of  computation,  in 
order  to  obtain  the  most  reliable  result. 

Following  the  table  there  is  a  supplementary 
table  of  theoretical  velocities  which  is  to  be  used 
in  conjunction  with  the  table,  for  obtaining 
approximate  results,  when  the  results  desired 
are  beyond  the  highest  limits  of  the  results 
given  in  the  table. 

It  may  seem  in  first  looking  over  the  table,  as 
though  it  contained  in  some  instances  losses  of 
head  due  to  friction  which  extend  far  beyond 
the  range  of  practical  application,  especially  in 
regard  to  pipes  of  small  diameter.  This  would 
undoubtedly  be  the  fact  if  the  table  was  only 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.  7 

intended  to  cover  lengths  of  pipe  of  100  feet  or 
over,  such,  however,  as  has  previously  been 
explained,  is  not  the  case,  the  table  having  been 
arranged  for  determining  results  for  pipes  less 
than  100  feet  in  length  as  well  as  for  pipes  more 
than  100  feet  in  length.  For  instance,  the  total 
head  from  the  table  corresponding  to  a  velocity 
of  50  feet,  for  a  ^-inch  pipe  100  feet  long,  = 
1,573  +  39  -f  20,  =  1,632  feet,  and  it  might  be 
said  with  very  good  reason  that  a  pipe  of  this  size 
discharging  under  such  a  high  head  as  1,632 
feet  would  never  be  met  with  in  actual  experi- 
ence, unless,  possibly,  in  a  most  exceptional 
case  ;  but  a  ^-inch  pipe  10  feet  long  discharging 
under  a  total  head  of  1,573  -*-  10,  +  39  +  20  = 
216  feet,  is  not  such  an  unusual  occurrence. 
One  of  the  principal  objects,  that  was  borne  in 
mind  when  the  table  was  being  arranged,  was 
to  make  it,  as  far  as  was  practicable,  so  that 
even  exceptional  problems  could  be  readily 
solved. 

In  using  the  table  when  other  lengths  of  pipe 
than  100  feet  are  to  be  taken  into  consideration, 
as  well  as  for  cases  when  the  results  desired 


8          FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 

are  beyond  the  highest  limits  of  the  table,  it 
will  probably  be  necessary,  in  some  instances, 
especially  for  a  person  who  is  not  in  the  habit 
of  making  hydraulic  calculations,  to  make 
several  trials  before  the  correct  result  is  ob- 
tained. A  little  practice,  however,  will  perceiv- 
ably  facilitate  the  use  of  the  table. 

The  following  examples  illustrate  a  number 
of  ways  in  which  the  information  contained  in 
the  table  can  be  applied,  for  obtaining  results 
which  are  not  given  in  the  table : 

Positive  results  can  be  obtained  in  the  man- 
ner shown  by  examples  Nos.  1,  2  and  3,  as  the 
rule  applied  in  order  to  obtain  them,  is :  when 
the  mean  velocity,  discharge,  and  diameter  of 
the  pipe  are  constant,  the  loss  of  head  due  to 
friction  is  directly  and  simply  as  the  length 
of  the  pipe.  Approximate  results,  only,  how- 
ever, can  be  obtained  in  the  manner  shown 
by  examples  Nos.  4  and  5,  as  the  results  will  be 
beyond  the  highest  limits  of  the  table  and  the 
rule  applied  in  order  to  obtain  them :  the 
diameter  and  length  of  the  pipe  being  constant 
the  loss  of  head  due  to  friction  varies  as  the 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 

square  of  the  velocity  and  conversely  the 
velocity  as  the  square  root  of  the  loss  of  head 
due  to  friction,  is,  in  the  present  instance,  for 
reasons  previously  mentioned,  an  approximate 
rule. 

EXAMPLE  No.  1. 

Question.  What  will  be  the  diameter  of  a 
pipe  which  will  supply  a  boiler,  carrying  60 
pounds  of  steam  to  the  square  inch,  50,000  gal- 
lons of  water  per  24  hours,  the  elevation  of  the 
reservoir  which  will  supply  the  water  being  167 
feet  above  the  boiler  and  the  length  of  pipe  100 
feet? 

Answer.  The  loss  of  head  in  this  case  must  not 
exceed  167 — 139  (which  is  the  head  equivalent  to- 
60  pounds),  =  28  feet.  The  table  shows  that  a, 
IM-inch  pipe  will  deliver  49,680  gallons  of  water 
per  24  hours,  under  a  total  head  of  27.40  feet 

(25.50,  +  (~=)  1.26,  +  (f-x  0.505  =  )  0.64). 

This  result  checks  within  0.60  of  a  foot 
(28  —  27.40),  which  is  as  near  as  can  be  ob- 


10      FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 

tained  from  the  table.  Therefore  a  pipe  1M- 
inch  in  diameter  is  the  pipe  required. 

EXAMPLE  No.  2. 

Question.  What  will  be  the  diameter  of  a  pipe 
which  will  supply  a  boiler,  the  conditions  being 
the  same  as  given  in  the  question  for  Example 
No.  1,  with  the  exception,  that  the  quantity  of 
water  required  is  40,000  gallons  and  the  length 
of  the  pipe  40  feet? 

Answer.  The  ratio  of  the  lengths  used  in 
computing  the  table,  to  the  given  length, 

100 

±~,  =  2.5,     2.5    x  28  =  70  feet.     The  table 

shows  that  the  discharge  of  a  1-inch  pipe 
corresponding  to  a  friction  head  of  60.10  feet 
is  44,640  gallons  of  water  per  24  hours,  the  in- 

40 

verse  ratio  of  the  lengths,  — s,  =  0.4,    0.4  X  60.10 

1UU 

=  24.04,  24.04,  +  (|L  =  )  2.49,  +  (j-  X  0.505  =) 

1.26,  =  a  total  head  of  27.79  feet.  This  result 
checks  within  0.21  feet  (28  —  27.79),  which  is 
as  near  as  can  be  obtained  from  the  table. 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.        11 

Therefore  a  pipe  1-inch  in  diameter  is  the  pipe 
required. 

EXAMPLE  No.  3. 

Question.  What  will  be  the  discharge  from 
a  reservoir  in  gallons  per  minute,  through  a  1- 
inch  pipe  200  feet  long,  under  a  total  head  of 
300  feet? 

Answer.  The  ratio  of  the  length  used  in 
computing  the  table  to  the  given  length, 

100 

~"  =  0.50,     0.50  X  300  =  150  feet.     The  table 

zuu 

shows  that  the  discharge  of  a  1-inch  pipe 
corresponding  to  a  friction  head  of  143.91  is 
50.00  gallons  per  minute ;  the  inverse  ratio  of 

200 

the  lengths,  ^  =  2.0,    2.0  x  143.91  =  287.82, 
JLuU 

287.82,+(£=)  6.48  +  (~  x  0.505  =  )  3.27,  = 

a  total  head  of  297.57  feet.  This  result  checks 
within  2.43  feet  (300  —  297.57),  which  is  as 
near  as  can  be  obtained  from  the  table.  There- 
fore a  pipe  1-inch  in  diameter  and  200  feet  long, 
under  a  total  head  of  300  feet,  will  discharge 
50.00  gallons  of  water  per  minute. 


12       FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 

EXAMPLE  No.  4. 

Question.  What  will  be  the  approximate 
discharge  from  a  reservoir7  in  gallons  per 
minute,  through  a  3-inch  pipe  100  feet  long 
under  a  total  head  of  500  feet  ? 

Ansiver.  The  friction  head  given  in  the  table 
opposite  to  the  velocity  of  50  feet  is  233  feet, 

and  the  total  head,  233,  -f  (TT+TT-  x  0.505  =\ 

59,  =  292  feet.  As  a  total  head  of  292  feet 
will  produce  a  velocity  of  50  feet,  assume  70 
feet  as  the  increased  velocity  which  would  be 
produced  by  500  feet,  the  given  total  head. 
The  supplementary  table  of  theoretical  velocities 

v* 

shows  that  ^-  for  a  velocity  of  70  is  76  feet  and 
%9 

~  x  0.505  =  38  feet,     76  +  38  =  114  feet,     500 

— 114  =  386  feet,  which  is  to  be  used  as  an 
assumed  friction  head  5  the  square  root  of  the 
assumed  friction  head  386  divided  by  the  square 
root  of  233,  the  friction  head  taken  from  the 
table,  corresponding  to  50,  the  highest  velocity, 

^  =  1-29,     1.29  X  50  (the  velocity  from 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.        13 

the  table),  =  64.5  feet,  which  is  the  resultant 
velocity,  -~-  +  ~—  X  0.505  for  a  velocity  of  64.5, 

is  found  by  the  aid  of  the  supplementary  table 
of  theoretical  velocities  to  be  98  feet,  98  +  386 
(the  assumed  friction  head  for  a  velocity  of  70 
feet),  =  a  total  head  of  484  feet.  If  the 
assumed  velocity  had  been  the  actual  velocity 
this  484  would  have  been  equal  to  500  the  given 
total  head,  and  the  resultant  velocity  64.5  the 
same  as  70,  the  assumed  velocity,  and  as  their 
differences  are  so  great  (500  —  484  =  16  and  70 
—  64.5  =  5.5),  it  will  be  necessary  to  make,  at 
least,  one  more  trial. 

For  the  second  trial  assume  a  velocity  of  66 
feet.     The  supplementary   table  of  theoretical 

v*      v2 

velocities  shows  that  -^ — |--?r~  X  0.505  for  a  vel- 
20      *9 

ocity  of  66  is  102  feet,  500  —  102  =  398  feet; 
the  square  root  of  the  assumed  friction  head 
398  divided  by  the  square  root  of  233,  the  fric- 
tion head  taken  from  the  table  corresponding  to 

50,  the  highest  velocity,  —  =  1.31,    1.31  X 


14       FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 

50   (the   velocity  from  the    table),  =  65.5  feet 

v*        v2 

which  is  the  resultant  velocity,    -~ — h  o~  X  0.505 

j        i/ 

for  a  velocity  of  65.5  is  found  by  the  aid  of  the 
supplementary  table  of  theoretical  velocities  to 
be  101  feet,  101  +  398  (the  assumed  friction 
head  for  a  velocity  of  66  feet),  =  a  total  head  of 
499  feet.  This  result  is  sufficiently  near  as  the 
total  heads  check  to  within  1  foot  (500  —  499) 
and  the  velocities  to  within  0.5  feet  (66  —  65.5). 
To  obtain  the  discharge  in  gallons  per  minute, 
multiply  1,104  (the  gallons  per  minute  given  in 
the  table  corresponding  to  a  velocity  of  50),  by 
1.31  (the  ratio  of  the  square  roots  of  the  friction 
heads),  1,104x1.31  =  1,446  gallons.  There- 
fore a  3-inch  pipe  100  feet  long,  under  a  total 
head  of  500  feet  will  discharge  1,446  gallons  per 
minute. 

EXAMPLE  No.  5. 

Question.  What  will  be  the  approximate  dis- 
charge from  a  reservoir,  in  gallons  per  minute, 
through  a  3-inch  pipe  10  feet  long,  under  a  total 
head  of  300  feet? 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.       15 
Answer.     The  inverse  ratio  of  the  length  used 

in  computing  the  table  to  the  given  length,  —  - 

100  , 

=  0.10,  233  feet  is  the  friction  head  given  in  the 
table  opposite  to  the  velocity  of  50  feet,  233  X 
0.10=  23.3  feet,  the  friction  head  in  a  pipe  10  feet 
long  corresponding  to  a  velocity  of  50  feet,  and 


the  total  head,  23.3  +      —  f~r  X  0.505  =     59, 

=  82.3  feet.  As  a  total  head  of  82.3  feet  will 
produce  a  velocity  of  50  feet,  assume  100  feet 
as  the  increased  velocity  which  would  be  pro- 
duced by  300  feet,  the  given  total  head.  The 
supplementary  table  of  theoretical  velocities, 

shows  that  77-  for  a  velocity  of  100  is  155  feet 

9 
and  |-  X  0.505=  78  feet,     155  +  78  =  233  feet, 

300  —  233  =  67  feet,  which  is  to  be  used  as  an 
assumed  friction  head;    67  multiplied  by  the 

100 
vatio  of  the  lengths,  -j^-,  =  10,  =  670  feet;   the 

square  root  of  the  assumed  friction  head  670 
divided  by  the  square  root  of  233,  the  friction 
head  taken  from  the  table  corresponding  to  50; 


16       FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 

25  88 
the  highest  velocity,  =  ^r^  =  1-7?    *-7  x  ^  (tne 


velocity  from  the  table),  =  85  feet  which  is  the 

22 

'V  1} 

resultant  velocity,  -~-  +  o~  X  0.505  for  a  veloc- 

ity of  85  is  found  by  the  aid  of  the  supplemen- 
tary table  of  theoretical  velocities  to  be  169 
feet,  169  +  67  (the  assumed  friction  head  for  a 
'  velocity  of  100  feet  in  a  pipe  10  feet  long),  =  a 
total  head  of  236  feet.  If  the  assumed  velocity 
had  been  the  actual  velocity,  this  236  would 
have  been  equal  to  300  the  given  total  head, 
and  the  resultant  velocity  85  the  same  as  the 
assumed  velocity  100,  and  as  their  differences 
are  so  great  (300—236  =  64  and  100  —  85  =  15), 
it  will  be  necessary  to  -make,  at  least,  one  more 
trial. 

For  the  second  trial  assume  a  velocity  of  96 
feet.     The  supplementary  table  of  theoretical 

2  2 

velocities    shows    that  -^  —  |-  ^—  X  0.505  for  a 

velocity   of  96  is   215  feet,      300  —  215  =  85 

100 
feet,     85  X  -^r>  =  850  feet;  the  square  root  of 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.       17 

the  assumed  friction  head  850  divided  by  the 
square  root  of  233,  the  friction  head  taken  from 

the  table  corresponding  to  50,  the  highest  veloc- 
oq  i  £ 

ity,  =  ,-|^-,  =  1.91,      1.91  X  50  (the  velocity 
JLo.^u 

from  the  table),  =  95.5  feet,  which  is  the  result- 

v*        v* 

ant  velocity,     -^ \-  -^—X  0.505  for  a  velocity  of 

&9        ty 

95.5  is  found  by  the  aid  of  the  supplementary 
table  of  theoretical  velocities  to  be  214  feet, 
214  -{-  85  (the  assumed  friction  head  for  a 
velocity  of  96  feet  in  a  pipe  10  feet  long),  =  a 
total  head  of  299  feet.  This  result  is  sufficiently 
near  as  the  total  heads  check  to  within  1  foot  (300 
—  299)  and  the  velocities  to  within  0.5  feet  (96 — 
95.5).  To  obtain  the  discharge  in  gallons  per 
minute,  multiply  1,104  (the  gallons  per  minute 
given  in  the  table  corresponding  to  a  velocity  of 
50),  by  1.91  (the  ratio  of  the  square  roots  of  the 
friction  heads),  1,104x1.91  =  2,109  gallons. 
Therefore  a  3-inch  pipe  10  feet  long,  under  a 
total  head  of  300  feet,  will  discharge  2,109 
gallons  per  minute. 


FRICTION   OF   WATER   IN   SMOOTH   PIPES.     19 


DIAMETER  ONE-HALF  INCH, 


Mean 

Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.41 

0.00 

0.25 

0.37 

360 

0.00 

0.82 

0.01 

0.50 

1.13 

720 

0.01 

1.23 

0.02 

0.75 

2.21 

1,080 

0.01 

1.63 

0.04 

1.00 

3.53 

1,440 

0.02 

2.04 

0.06 

1.25 

5.14 

1,800 

0.03 

2.45 

0.09 

1.50 

6.94 

2,160 

0.05 

2.86 

0.13 

1.75 

9.19 

2,520 

0.06 

3.27 

0.17 

2.00 

11.45 

2,880 

0.08 

3.68 

0.21 

2.25 

13.95 

3,240 

0.11 

4.08 

0.26 

2.50 

16.83 

3,600 

0.13 

4.49 

0.31 

2.75 

19.78 

3,960 

0.16 

4.90 

0.37 

3.00 

22.93 

4,320 

0.19 

5.31 

0.44 

3.25 

26.62 

4,680 

0.22 

5.72 

0.51 

3.50 

30.15 

5,040 

0.26 

6.13 

0.58 

3,75 

33.93 

5,400 

0.30 

6.54 

0.66 

4.00 

38.30 

5,760 

0.34 

6.94 

0.75 

4.25 

42.41 

6,120 

0.38 

7.35 

0.84 

4.50 

47.17 

6,480 

0.42 

7.76 

0.94 

4.75 

51.68 

6,840 

0.47 

8.17 

1.04 

5.00 

56.53 

7,200 

0.52 

8.58 

1.14 

5.25 

61.80 

7,560 

0.58 

8.99 

1.26 

5.50 

66.94 

7,920 

0.63 

9.40 

1.37 

5.75 

72.53 

8,280 

0.69 

9.80 

1.49 

6.00 

78.48 

8,640 

0.75 

20     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN   SMOOTH   PIPES. 


DIAMETEK  ONE-HAL!  INGE. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 

this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

10.21 

1.62 

6.25 

84.79 

9,000 

0.82 

10.62 

1.75 

6.50 

90.90 

9,360 

0.89 

11.03 

1.89 

6.75 

97.14 

9,720 

0.96 

11.44 

2.03 

7.00 

103.52 

10,080 

1.03 

11.85 

2.18 

7.25 

110.03 

10,440 

1.10 

12.25 

2.33 

7.50 

117.58 

10,800 

1.18 

12.66 

2.49 

7.75 

124.39 

11,160 

1.26 

13.07 

2.66 

8.00 

131.30 

11,520 

1.34 

13.48 

2.82 

8.25 

138.99 

11,880 

1.43 

13.89 

3.00 

8.50 

146.85 

12,240 

1.51 

14.30 

3.18 

8.75 

154.12 

12,600 

1.61 

14.71 

3.36 

9.00 

163.09 

12,960 

1.70 

15.11 

3.55 

9.25 

171.22 

13,320 

1.79 

15.52 

3.74 

9.50 

179.74 

13,680 

1.89 

15.93 

3.95 

9.75 

188.42 

14,040 

1.99 

16.34 

4.15 

10.00 

197.25 

14,400 

2.10 

16.75 

4.36 

10.25 

207.27 

14,760 

2.20 

17.16 

4.58 

10.50 

215.34 

15,120 

2.31 

17.57 

4.80 

10.75 

225.76 

15,480 

2.42 

17.97 

5.02 

11.00 

233.74 

15,840 

2.54 

18.38 

5.25 

11.25 

244.53 

16,200 

2.65 

18.79 

5.49 

11.50 

254.24 

16,560 

2.77 

19.20 

5.73 

11.75 

265.46 

16,920 

2.89 

19.61 

5.98 

12.00 

275.48 

17,280 

3.02 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.     21 


DIAMETEE  ONE-HALF  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 

Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 

24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

20.02 

6.23 

12.25 

285.63 

17,640 

3.15 

20.42 

6.48 

12.50 

297.16 

18,000 

3.27 

20.83 

6.75 

12.75 

305.97 

18,360 

3.41 

21.24 

7.01 

13.00 

318.13 

18,720 

3.54 

21.65 

7.29 

13.25 

328.79 

19,080 

3.68 

22.06 

7.57 

13.50 

341.36 

19,440 

3.82 

22.47 

7.85 

13.75 

354.16 

19,800 

3.96 

22.88 

8.14 

14.00 

363.30 

20,160 

4.11 

23.28 

8.43 

14.25 

376.11 

20,520 

4.25 

23.69 

8.72 

14.50 

387.38 

20,880 

4.41 

24.10 

9.03 

14.75 

400.91 

21,240 

4.56 

24.51 

9.34 

15.00 

412.42 

21,600 

4.72 

24.92 

9.65 

15.25 

426.34 

21,960 

4.88 

25.33 

9.97 

15.50 

440.48 

22,320 

5.04 

25.74 

10.30 

15.75 

452.38 

22,680 

5.20 

26.14 

10.62 

16.00 

466.55 

23,040 

5.36 

26.55 

10.96 

16.25 

478.67 

23,400 

5.53 

26.96 

11.30 

16.50 

493.57 

23,760 

5.71 

27.37 

11.65 

16.75 

508.70 

24,120 

5.88 

27.78 

12.00 

17.00 

521.17 

24,480          6.06 

28.19 

12.35 

17.25 

536.67 

24,840          6.24 

28.59 

12.71 

17.50 

548.96 

25,200 

6.42 

29.00 

13.07 

17.75 

564.82 

25,560 

6.60 

29.41 

13.45 

18.00 

580.90 

25,920 

6.79 

22       FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PlPrifc 


DIAMETEK  ONE-HAL!  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
ia  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24=  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

29.82 

13.82 

18.25 

593.89 

26,280 

6.98 

30.23 

14.21 

18.50 

610.33 

26,640 

7.17 

30.64 

14.60 

18.75 

623.50 

27,000 

7.37 

31.05 

14.99 

19.00 

640.30 

27,360 

7.57 

31.45 

15.38 

19.25 

656.90 

27,720 

7.77 

31.86 

15.78 

19.50 

670.35 

28,080 

7.97 

32.27 

16.19 

19.75 

687.72 

28,440 

8.18 

32.68 

16.60 

20.00 

701  .32 

28,800 

8.38 

33.09 

17.02 

20.25 

719.03 

29,160 

8.60 

33.50 

17.45 

20.50 

736.96 

29,520 

8.81 

33.91 

17.88 

20.75 

755.11 

29,880 

9.03 

34.31 

18.30 

21.00 

773.02 

30,240 

9.24 

34.72 

18.74 

21.25 

787.11 

30,600 

9.46 

35.13 

19.19 

21.50 

805.81 

30,960 

9.69 

35.54 

19.64 

21.75 

820.01 

31,320 

9.92 

35.95 

20.09 

22.00 

839.04 

31,680 

10.15 

36.36 

20.55 

22.25 

858.29 

32,040 

10.38 

36.76 

21.01 

22.50 

877.28 

32,400 

10.61 

37.17 

21.48 

22.75 

896.96 

32,760 

10.85 

37.58 

21.96 

23.00 

911.59 

33,120 

11.09 

37.99 

22.44 

23.25 

931.58 

33,480 

11.33 

38.40 

22.92 

23.50 

951.80 

33,840 

11.58 

38.81 

23.42 

23.75 

966.62 

34,200 

11.83 

39.22 

23.91 

2400 

987.15 

34,560 

12.08 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.      23 


DIAMETER  ONE-EALP  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 

lO^Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

39.62 

24.40 

24.25 

1,007.38 

34,920 

12.32 

40.03 

24.91 

24.50 

1,028.34 

35,280 

12.58 

40.44 

25.42 

24.75 

1,049.51 

35,640 

12.84 

40.85 

25.94 

25.00 

1,070.90 

36,000 

13.10 

41.26 

26.47 

25.25 

1,092.51 

36,360 

13.37 

41.67 

26.99 

25.50 

1,107.85 

36,720 

13.63 

42.08 

27.53 

25.75 

1,129.76 

37,080 

13.90 

42.48 

28.05 

26.00 

1,151.34 

37,440 

14.17 

42.89 

28.60 

26.25 

1,166.81 

37,800 

14.44 

43.30 

29.15 

26.50 

1,189.22 

38,160 

14.72 

43.71 

29.70 

26.75 

1,211.85 

38,520 

15.00 

44.12 

30.26 

27.00 

1,234.69 

38,880 

15.28 

44.53 

30.83 

27.25 

1,250.35 

39,240 

15.57 

44.93 

31.38 

27.50 

1,272.91 

39,600 

15.85 

45.34 

31.96 

27.75 

1,296.25 

39,960 

16.14 

45.75 

32.54 

28.00 

1,319.80 

40,320 

16.  43 

46.16 

33.13 

28.25 

1,343.56 

40,680 

16.73 

46.57 

33.72 

28.50 

1,359.44 

41,040 

17.03 

46.98 

34.31 

28.75 

1,383.48 

41,400 

17.33 

47.39 

34.91 

29.00 

1,407.74 

41,760 

17.63 

47.79 

35.51 

29.25 

1,431.60 

42,120 

17.93 

48.20 

36.12 

29.50 

1,456.27 

42,480 

18.24 

48.61 

36.73 

29.75 

1,481.15 

42,840 

18.55 

49.02 

37.36 

30.00 

1,506.24 

43,200 

18.87 

24      FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  ONE-HAL!  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 

Gallons 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 

per 

Second. 

this 
Velocity. 

per 
Minute. 

per 

100  Ft. 

24  Hours. 

Orifice  of 
Influx. 

49.43 

37.98 

30.25 

1,531.54 

43,560 

19.18 

49.84 

38.62 

30.50 

1,547.78 

43,920 

19.50 

50.25 

39.26 

30.75 

1,573.35 

44,280 

19.82 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


25 


DIAMETEE  IIVE-EIGHTH  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

i 
Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

LOPS  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.42 

0.00 

0.40 

0.31 

576 

0.00 

0.84 

0.01 

0.80 

0.94 

*  1,152 

0.01 

1.25 

0.02 

1.20 

1.80 

1,728 

0.01 

1.67 

0.04 

1.60 

2.90 

2,304 

0.02 

2.09 

0.07 

2.00 

4.26 

2,880 

0.03 

2.51 

0.10 

2.40 

5.75 

3,456 

0.05 

2.93 

0,13 

2.80 

7.43 

4,032 

0.07 

3.35 

0.17 

3.20 

9.51 

4,608 

0.09 

3.76 

0.22 

3.60 

11.48 

5,184 

0.11 

4.18 

0.27 

4.00 

13.72 

5,760 

0.14 

4.60 

0.33 

4.40 

16.42 

6,336 

0.17 

5.02 

0.39 

4.80 

19.03 

6,912 

1.20 

5.44 

0.46 

5.20 

21.73 

7,488 

0.23 

5.86 

0.53 

5.60 

25.01 

8,064 

0.27 

6.27 

0.61 

6.00 

28.05 

8,640 

0.31 

6.69 

0.70 

6.40 

31.39 

9,216 

0.35 

7.11 

0.79 

6.80 

35.16 

9,792 

0.40 

7.53 

0.88 

7.20 

38.76 

10,368 

0.45 

7.95 

0.98 

7.60 

42.64 

10,944 

0.50 

8.37 

1.09 

8.00 

47.05 

11,520 

055 

8.78 

1.20 

8.40 

51.08 

12,096 

0.61 

9.20 

1.32 

8.80 

55.33 

12,672 

0.66 

9.62 

1.44 

9.20 

60.22 

13,248 

0.73 

10.04 

1.57 

9.60 

64.99 

13,824 

0.79 

26       FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETEK  IIVE-EIGHTH  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 

Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

10.46 

1.70 

10.00 

69.89 

14,400 

0.86 

10.88 

1.84 

10.40 

74.91 

14,976 

0.93 

11.29 

1.98 

10.80 

79.90 

15,552 

1.00 

11.71 

2.13 

11.20 

85.95 

16,128 

1.08 

12.13 

2.29 

11.60 

91,35 

16,704 

1.16 

12.55 

2.45 

12.00 

96.85 

17,280 

1.24 

12.97 

2.62 

12.40 

102.93 

17,856 

1.32 

13.39 

2.79 

12.80 

108.64 

18,432 

1.41 

13.80 

2.96 

13.20 

114.83 

19,008 

1.50 

14.22 

3.14 

13.60 

121.92 

19,584 

1.59 

14.64 

3.33 

14.00 

127.95 

20,160 

1.68 

15.06 

3.53 

14.40 

135.40 

20,736 

1.78 

15.48 

3.73 

14.80 

141.62 

21,312 

1.88 

15.90 

3.93 

15.20 

148.66 

21,888 

1.98 

16.31 

4.14 

15.60 

155.63 

22,464 

2.09 

16.73 

4.35 

16.00 

163.75 

23,040 

2.20 

17.15 

4.57 

16.40 

171.20 

23,616 

2.31 

17.57 

4.80 

16.80 

178.76 

24,192 

2.42 

17.99 

5.03 

17.20 

186.44 

24,768 

2.54 

18.41 

5.27 

17.60 

194.24 

25,344 

2.66 

18.82 

5.51 

18.00 

201.93 

25,920 

2.78 

19.24 

5.75 

18.40 

211.04 

26,496 

2.91 

19.66 

6.01 

18.80 

219.20 

27,072 

3.03 

20.08 

6.27 

19.20 

227.47 

27,648 

3.17 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.         27 


DIAMETEE  PIVE-EIGHTH  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  TJ.  S. 
Gallons 

Minute. 

Lot-*  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

20.50 

6.53 

19.60 

237.08 

28,224           3.:-JO 

20.92 

6.80 

20.00 

245.59 

28,800     i    3.44 

21.33 

7.07 

20.40 

255.31 

29,376 

3.57 

21.75 

7.35 

20.80 

262.64 

29,952 

3.71 

22.17 

7.64 

21.20 

272.88 

30,528 

3.86 

22.59 

7.93 

21.60 

281.79 

31,104 

4.01 

23.01 

8.23 

22.00 

292.37 

31,680 

4.16 

23.42 

8.53 

22.40 

302.88 

32,256 

4.31 

23.84 
24.26 

24.68 
25.10 

8.84 
9.15 
9.47 
9.79 

22.80 
23.20 
23.60 
24.00 

312.15 
323.24 
332.71 
344.13 

32,832 
33,408 
33,984 
34,560 

4.46 
4.62 
4.78 
4.95 

25.52 

10.12 

24.40 

353.80 

35,136 

5.11 

25.93 

10.45 

24.80 

365.26 

35,712 

5.28 

26.35 

10.79 

25.20 

377.19 

36,288 

5.45 

26.77 

11.14 

25.60 

385,03 

36,864 

5.63 

27.19 

11.49 

26.00 

397.21 

37,440 

5.80 

27.61 

11.85 

26.40 

409.57 

38,016 

6.98 

28.03 

12.21 

26.80 

422.13 

38,592 

6.17 

28.44 

12.57          27.20 

434.57 

39,168        r,.;;r, 

28.86 

12.95 

27.60 

445.01 

tt\744         6.54 

29.28 

13.33 

28.00  i   458.06 

40,320     1    (5.73 

29.80 

13.81         28.40      471.82 

40,896 

6.97 

30.12 

14.10         28.80      482.01 

41,472 

7.T2 

28       FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETEK  HVE-EIGKTH  INGE. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  IS. 
Gallons 
per 

Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

30.54 

14.50 

29.20 

492.76 

42,048 

7.32 

30.95 

14.89 

29.60 

'506.08 

42,624 

7.52 

31.37 

15.30 

30.00 

519.91 

43,200 

7.73 

31.79 

15.71 

30.40 

530.91 

43,776 

7.93 

32.21 

16.13 

30.80 

545.03 

44,352 

8.15 

32.63 

16.55 

31.20 

559.34 

44,928 

8.36 

33.05 

16.98 

31.60 

573.83 

45,504 

8.58 

33.46 

17.41 

32.00 

588.16 

46,080 

8.79 

33.88 

17.84 

32.40 

599.59 

46,656 

9.01 

34.30 

18.29 

32.80 

614.55 

47,232 

9.24 

34.72 

18.74 

33.20 

626.09 

47,808 

9.46 

35.14 

19.20 

33.60 

641.33 

48,384 

9.69 

35.56 

19.66 

34.00 

656.75 

48,960 

9.93 

35.97 

20.11 

34.40 

671.98 

49,536 

10.16 

36.39 

20.59 

34.80 

687.77 

50,112 

10.40 

36.81 

21.06 

35.20 

699.69 

50,688 

10.64 

37.23 

21.55 

35.60 

715.75 

51,264 

10.88 

37.65 

22.04 

36.00 

727.76 

51,840 

11.13 

38.07 

22.53 

36.40 

744.08 

52,416 

11.38 

38.48 

23.02 

36.80 

760.20 

52,992 

11.62 

38.90 

23.52 

37.20 

776.88 

53,568 

11.88 

39.32 

24.04 

37.60 

793.75 

54,144 

12.14 

39.74 

24.55 

38.00 

806.08 

54,720 

12.40 

40.16 

25.07    j      38.40 

823.21 

55,296 

12.66 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.        29 


DIAMETEK  IIVE-EIGHTH  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 

per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  IT.  8. 
Gallons 
per 

Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

40.58 

25.60 

38.80 

835.61 

55,872 

12.93 

40.99 

26.12 

39.20 

852.58 

56,448 

13.19 

41.41 

26.66 

39.60 

870.14 

57,024 

13.46 

41.83 

27.20 

40.00 

887.88 

57,600 

13.74 

42.25 

27.75 

40.40 

905.80 

58,176 

14.01 

42.67 

28.31 

40.80 

918.46 

58,752 

14.29 

43.09 

28.87 

41.20 

936.63 

59,328 

1458 

43.50 

29.42 

41.60           954.54 

59,904 

14.86 

43.92 

29.99 

42.00           973.06 

60,480 

15.14 

44.34 

30.56 

42.40           991.76 

61,056 

15.44 

44.76 

31.15 

42.80 

1,004.66 

61,632 

15.73 

45.18 

31.73 

43.20 

1,023.60 

62,208 

16.03 

45.59 

32.31 

43.60        1,042.26 

62,784 

16.32 

46.01 

32.91 

44.00        1,061.55 

63,360 

16.62 

46.43 

33.51 

44.40 

1,081.02 

63,936 

16.92 

46.85 

34.12 

44.80 

1,100.67 

64,512 

17.23 

47.27 

34.74 

45.20 

1,12049 

65,088 

17.54 

47.69 

35.36 

45.60 

1,133.70 

65,664 

17.86 

48.10 

35.97 

46.00 

1,153.28 

66,240 

18.16 

48.52 

36.60 

46.40 

1,166.48 

66,816 

18.48 

48.94 

37.24 

46.80 

1,186.76 

67,392 

18.80 

49.36 

37.88 

47.20 

1,207.22 

67,968 

19.13 

49.78 

38.52 

47.60 

1,227.85    1   68,544 

19.45 

50.20 

39.18 

48.00        1,248.66        69,120 

19.78 

30      FRICTION  OP  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  TEREE-POURTE  INGE, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.36 

0.00 

0.50 

0.18 

720 

0.00 

0.73 

0.01 

1.00 

0.61 

1,440 

0.00 

1.09 

0.02 

1.50 

1.19 

2,160 

0.01 

1.45 

0.03 

2.00 

1.90 

2,880 

0.02 

1.82 

0.05 

2.50 

2.80 

3,600 

0.03 

2.18 

0.07 

3.00 

3.66 

4,320 

0.04 

2.54 

0.10 

3.50 

4.81 

5,040 

0.05 

2.90 

0.13 

4.00 

5.98 

5,760 

0.07 

3.27 

0.17 

4.50 

7.45 

6,480 

0.08 

3.63 

0.20 

5.00 

8.78 

7,200 

0.10 

3.99 

0.25 

5.50 

10.49 

7,920 

0.12 

4.36 

0.30 

6.00 

12.29 

8,640 

0.15 

4.72 

0.35 

6.50 

14.02 

9,360 

0.17 

5.08 

0.40 

7.00 

16.05 

10,080 

0.20 

5.45 

0.46 

7.50 

18.03 

10,800 

0.23 

5.81 

0.52 

8.00 

20.24 

11,520 

0.27 

(5.17 

0.59 

8.50 

22.44 

12,240 

0.30 

6.54 

0.66 

9.00 

25.00 

12,960 

0.34 

(5.90 

0.74 

9.50 

27.24 

13,680 

0.37 

7.26 

0.82 

10.00 

30.02 

14,400 

0.41 

7.63 

0.91 

10.50 

32.73 

15,120 

0.4G 

7.99 

0.99 

11.00 

35.57 

15,840 

0.50 

8.35 

1.08 

11.50 

38.50 

16,560 

0.55 

8.71 

1.18 

12.00 

41.52 

17,280 

0.60 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.       31 


DIAMETEE  THKEE-rOUKTE  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 

Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

9.08 

1.28 

12.50 

44.71 

18,000 

0.65 

9.44 

1.39 

13.00 

47.88 

18,720 

0.70 

9.80 

1.49 

13.50 

51.36 

19,440 

0.75 

10.17 

1.61 

14.00 

55.06 

20,160 

0.81 

10.53 

1.72 

14.50 

58.19 

20,880 

0.87 

10.89 

1.84 

15.00 

61.95 

21,600 

0.93 

11.26 

1.97 

15.50 

65.60 

22,320 

1.00 

11.62 

2.10 

16.00 

69.86 

23,040 

1.06 

11.98 

2.23 

16.50 

73.54 

23,760 

1.13 

12.35 

2.37 

17.00 

77.39 

24,480 

1.20 

12.71 

2.51 

17.50 

81.97 

25,200 

1.27 

13.07 

2.66 

18.00 

86.26 

25,920 

1.34 

13.44 

2.81 

18.50 

90.31 

26,640 

1.42 

13.80 

2.96 

19.00 

94.74 

27,360 

1.50 

14.16 

3.12 

19.50 

99.75 

28,080 

1.57 

14.52 

3.28 

20.00 

104.36 

28,800 

1.66 

14.89 

3.45 

20.50 

109.19 

29,520 

1.74 

15.25 

3.62 

21.00 

114.54 

30,240 

1.83 

15.61 

3.79 

21.50         118.80 

30,960 

1.91 

15.98 

3.97 

22.00         123.86 

31,680 

2.00 

16.34 

4.15 

22.50 

128.84 

32,400 

2.10 

16.70 

4.34 

23.00 

134.58 

33,120 

2.19 

17.07 

4.53 

23.50 

140.61 

33,840 

2.29 

17.43 

4.72 

24.00 

145.09 

34,560 

2.39 

32       FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETEK  THKEE-FOUETE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
10U  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 

to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

17.79 

4.92 

24.50 

151.15 

35,280 

2.48 

18.16 

5.13 

25.00 

157.50 

36,000 

2.59 

18.52 

5.33 

25.50 

162.10 

36,720 

2.69 

18.88 

5.54 

26.00 

168.46 

37,440 

2.80 

19.24 

5.75 

26.50 

174.95 

38,160 

2.91 

19.61 

598 

27.00 

180.79 

38,880 

3.02 

19.97 

6.20 

27.50 

186.49 

39,600 

3.13 

20.33 

6.43 

28.00 

193.28 

40,320 

3.24 

20.70 

6.66 

28.50 

198.24 

41,040 

3.36 

21.06 

6.90 

29.00 

205.20 

41,760 

3.48 

21.42 

7.13 

29.50 

212.27 

42,480 

3.60 

21.79 

7.38 

30.00 

218.49 

43,200 

3.73 

22.15 

7.63 

30.50 

225.77 

43,920 

3.85 

22.51 

7.88 

31.00 

231.91 

44,640 

3.98 

22.88 

8.14 

31.50 

239.59 

45,360 

4.11 

23.24 

8.40 

32.00         247.19 

46,080 

4.24 

23.60 

8.66 

32.50         252.14 

46,800 

4.37 

23.97 

24.33 

8.93 
9.20 

33.00    i     260.11 
33.50         267.98 

47,520 
48,240 

4.51 
4.65 

24.69         9.48          34.00         275.97 

48,960  !     4.79 

25.05 

9.76 

34.50 

284.08 

49,680 

4.93 

25.42 

10.05 

35.00 

292.53 

5C,400 

5.07 

25.78 

10.33 

35.50 

297.57 

51,120 

5.22 

26.14 

10.62 

36.00 

305.94 

51,840 

5.36 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.        33 


DIAMETER  THKEE-rOURTH  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 

Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
(iallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

26.51 

10.93 

36.50 

312.91. 

52,560 

5.52 

26.87 

11.22 

37.00 

321.47 

53,280 

5.67 

27.23 

11.53 

37.50 

330.14 

54,000 

5.82 

27.60 

11.84 

38.00 

337.28 

54,720 

5.98 

27.96 

12.15 

38.50 

346.13 

55,440 

6.14 

28.32    1    12.47        39.00        355.10 

56,160 

6.30 

28.69     :     12.80    i    39.50    !    364.44 

56,880 

6.46 

29.05    ;    13.12        40.00        373.65 

57,600 

6.63 

29.41        13.45    i    40.50        382.96 

58,320 

6.79 

29.78 

13.79        41.00        390.45 

59,040 

6.96 

30.14 

14.12 

41.50    |    399.95 

59,760 

7.13 

30.50 

14.46 

42.00        409.56 

60,480 

7.30 

30.86 

14.81 

42.50 

416.92 

61,200 

7.48 

31.23 

15.16 

43.00 

426.98 

61,920 

7.66 

31.59 

15.51 

43.50 

434.40 

62,640 

7.83 

31.95 

15.87 

44.00        444.35 

63,360 

8.01 

32.32 

16.24 

44.50        454.70 

64,080          8.20 

32.68 

16.60 

45.00        462.23 

64,800          8.3S 

33.04 

16.97        45.50       472.47 

65,520          8.57 

33.41 

17.35        46.00        483.11 

66,240          S.7<; 

33.77        17.73        46.50    |   493.58 

66,96C          8.95 

34.13 
34.50 

18.11 
18.50 

47.00        504.16 
47.50        515.15 

67,680          9.15 
68,400          9.34 

34.86        18.89        48.00        522.93 

69,120          9.54 

34        FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  THKEE-FOUKTE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

35.  22 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Minute.        KJQ^t 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

19.28 

48.50    ;    533.79  i     69,840           9.74 

35.58        19.68 

49.00        541.61 

70,560           9.94 

35.95        20.09 

49.50 

552.93 

71,280         10.15 

36.31    :    20.50 

50.00 

564.06 

72,000 

10.35 

36.67        20.90 

50.50 

575.30 

72,720 

10.56 

37.04        21.33 

51.00        586.97 

73,440 

10.77 

37.40 

21.75 

51.50 

598.44        74,160 

10.98 

37.76        22.17 

52.00 

606.47 

74,880 

11.19 

38.13 

22.60 

52.50 

618.41 

75,600 

11.41 

38.49 

23.03 

53.00 

630.  14 

76,320 

11.63 

38.85        23.46 

53.50        641.99 

77,040 

11.85 

39.22        23.91 

54.00 

654.27 

77,760 

12.08 

39.58 

24.35 

54.50 

662.44 

78,480 

12.30 

39.94 

24.80 

55.00 

674.55 

79,200 

12.52 

40.31        25.26 

55.50 

687.10 

79,920 

12.76 

40.67        25.71 

56.00 

699.43 

80,640 

12.99 

41.03        26.17 

56.50 

711.87 

81,360 

13.22 

41.39     j    26.63 

57.00 

724.41 

82,080 

13.45 

41.76 

2/7   ** 

57.50 

733.09 

82,800 

13.69 

^2.12 

27.58 

58.00 

745.78 

83,520 

13.93 

42.48 

28.05 

58.50 

758.59 

84,240 

14.17 

42.85 

28.54 

59.00 

767.29 

84,960 

14.42 

43.21 

29.03 

59.50 

780.23        85,680 

14.66 

43.57 

29.51 

60.00 

793.29 

86,400 

14.90 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.     35 


DIAMETEE  THREE-FOURTH  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 

this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  IT.  S. 
Gallcns 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

43.94 

30.02 

60.50 

806.82 

87,120 

15.16 

44.30 

30.51 

61.00 

820.09 

87,840 

15.41 

44.66 

31.01 

61.50 

828.52 

88,560 

15.66 

45.03 

31.52 

62.00 

842.30 

89,280 

15.92 

45.39 

32.03 

62.50 

855.82 

90,000 

16.17 

45.75 

32.54 

63.00 

869.45 

90,720 

16.43 

46.11 

33.05 

63.50 

883.19 

91,440 

16.69 

46.48 

33.59 

64.00 

897.42 

92,160 

16.96 

46.84 

34.11 

64.50 

905.92 

92,880 

17.22 

47.20 

34.63 

65.00 

919.90 

93,600 

17.49 

47.57 

35.18 

65.50 

934.37 

94,320 

17.77 

47.93 

35.71 

66.00 

948.57 

95,040 

18.04 

48.29 

36.25 

66.50 

962.87 

95,760 

18.31 

48.66 

36.81 

67.00 

977.69 

96,480 

18.59 

49.02 

37.36 

67.50 

992.20 

97,200 

18.87 

49.38 

37.91 

68.00 

1,006.83 

97,920 

19.14 

49.75 

38.48 

68.50 

1,015.82 

98,640 

19.43 

60.11 

39.04 

69.00 

1,030.57 

99,360 

19.71 

36     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  ONE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  ». 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.41 

0.00 

1.00 

0.17 

1,440 

0.00 

0.82 

0.01 

2.00 

0.53 

2,880 

0.01 

1.23 

0.02 

3.00 

1.04 

4,320 

0.01 

1.63 

0.04 

4.00 

1.65 

5,760 

0.02 

2.04 

0.06 

5.00 

2.43 

7,200 

0.03 

2.45 

0.09 

6.00 

3.29 

8,640 

0.05 

2.86 

0.13 

7.00 

4.38 

10,080 

0.06 

3.27 

0.17 

8.00 

5.45 

11,520 

0.08 

3.68 

0.21 

9.00 

6.64 

12,960 

0.11 

4.08 

0.26 

10.00 

8.04 

14,400 

0.13 

4.49 

0.31 

11.00 

9.44 

15,840 

0.16 

4.90 

0.37 

12.00 

10.93 

17,280 

0.19 

5.31 

0.44 

13.00 

12.73 

18,720 

0.22 

5.72 

0.51 

14.00 

14.47 

20,160 

0.26 

6.13 

0.58 

15.00 

16.26 

21,600 

0.30 

6.54 

0.66 

16.00 

18.35 

23,040 

0.34 

6.94 

0.75 

17.00 

20.31 

24,480 

0.38 

7.35 

0.84 

18.00 

22.68 

25,920 

0.42 

7.76 

0.94 

19.00 

24.83 

27,360 

0.47 

8.17 

1.04 

20.00 

27.15 

28,800 

0.52 

8.58 

1.14 

21.00 

29.66 

30,240 

0.58 

8.99 

1.26 

22.00 

32.27 

31,680 

0.63 

9.40 

1.37 

23.00 

34.95 

33,120 

0.69 

9.80 

1.49 

24.00 

37.80 

34,560 

0.75 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.       37 


DIAMETER  ONE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
inU.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

10.21 

1.62 

25.00 

40.84 

36,000 

0.82 

10.62 

1.75 

26.00 

43.76 

37,440 

0.89 

11.03 

1.89 

27.00 

46.75 

38,880 

0.96 

11.44 

2.03 

28.00 

49.81 

40,320 

1.03 

11.85 

2.18 

29.00 

53.18 

41,760 

1.10 

12.25 

2.33 

30.00 

56.83 

43,200 

1.18 

12.66 

2.49 

31.00 

60.10 

44,640 

1.26 

13.07 

2.66 

32.00 

63.74 

46,080 

1.34 

13.43 

2.82 

33.00 

67.12 

47,520 

1.43 

13.89 

3.00 

34.00 

70.91 

48,960 

1.51 

14.30 

3.18 

35.00 

74.77 

50,400 

1.61 

14.71 

3.36 

36.00 

79.12 

51,840 

1.70 

15.11 

3.55 

37.00 

83.06 

53,280 

1.79 

15.52 

3.74 

38.00 

86.73 

54,720 

1.89 

15.93 

3.95 

39.00 

90.90 

56,160 

1.99 

16.34 

4.15 

40.00 

95.14 

57,600 

2.10 

16.75 

4.36 

41.00 

99.97 

59,040 

2.20 

17.16 

4.58 

42.00 

104.37 

60,480 

2.31 

17.57 

4.80 

43.00 

108.85 

61,920 

2.42 

17.97 

5.02 

44.00 

113.26 

63,360 

2.54 

18.38 

5.25 

45.00 

118.48 

64,800 

2.65 

18.79 

5.49 

46.00 

123.17 

66,240 

2.77 

19.20 

5.73 

47.00 

128.60 

67,680 

2.89 

19.61 

5.98 

48.00 

133.44 

69,120 

3.02 

38     FRICTION   OF   WATER   IN   SMOOTH   PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  ONE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 

100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

20.02 

6.23 

49.00 

138.33 

70,560 

3.15 

20.42 

6.48 

50.00 

143.91 

72,000 

3.27 

20.83 

6.75 

51.00 

148.94 

73,440 

3.41 

21.24 

7.01 

52.00 

154.86 

74,880 

3.54 

21.65 

7.29 

53.00 

160.02 

76,320 

3.68 

22.06 

7.57 

54.00 

166.14 

77,760 

3.82 

22.47 

7.85 

55.00 

172.37 

79,200 

3.96 

22.88 

8.14 

56.00 

176.77 

80,640 

4.11 

23.28 

8.43 

57.00 

183.00 

82,080 

4.25 

23.69 

8.72 

58.00 

188.46 

83,520 

4.41 

24.10 

9.03 

59.00 

195.04 

84,960 

4.56 

24.51 

9.34 

60.00        200.61 

86,400 

4.72 

24.92 

9.65 

61.00        207.38 

87,840 

4.88 

25.33 

9.97 

62.00        214.26 

89,280 

5.04 

25.74 

10.30 

63.00 

220.01 

90,720 

5.20 

96.14 

10.62 

64.00 

226.90 

92,160 

5.36 

26.55 

10.96 

65.00 

232.76 

93,600 

5.53 

26.96 

11.30 

66.00 

240.01 

95,040 

5.71 

27.37 

11.65 

67.00 

247.36 

96,480 

5.88 

27.78 

12.00 

68.00 

253.39 

97,920 

6.06 

28.19 

12.35 

69.00 

260.92 

99,360 

6.24 

28.59 

12.71 

70.00 

266.85 

100,800          6.42 

29.00 

13.07 

71.00 

274.56 

102,240          6.60 

29.41 

13.45    I    72.00 

282.38 

103,680          6.79 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IX  SMOOTH  PIPES.       39 


DIAMETEE  ONE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

29.82        13.82 

73.00 

288.65 

105,120 

6.98 

30.23 

14.21 

74.00 

296.64 

106,560 

7.17 

30.64 

14.60 

75.00 

302.99 

108,000 

7.37 

31.05 

14.99 

76.00 

311.16 

109,440 

7.57 

31.45 

15.38 

77.00 

319.22 

110,880 

7.77 

31.86 

15.78 

78.00 

327.60 

112,320 

7.97 

32.27        16.19 

79.00 

336.09 

113,760 

8.18 

32.68 

16.60 

80.00 

342.69 

115,200 

8.38 

33.09 

17.02 

81.00 

351.34 

116,640 

8.60 

33.50 

17.45 

82.00 

360.10 

118,080 

8.81 

33.91 

17.88 

83.00 

366.83 

119,520 

9.03 

34.31 

18.30 

84.00 

375.53 

120,960 

9.24 

34.72 

18.74 

85.00 

384.56 

122,400 

9.46 

35.13 

19.19 

86.00 

393.70 

123,840 

9.69 

35.54 

19.64 

87.00 

400.58 

125,280 

9.92 

35.95 

.  20.09 

88.00 

409.88 

126,720 

10.15 

36.36 

20.55 

89.00 

419.28 

128,160 

10.38 

36.76 

21.01 

90.00 

428.56 

129,600 

10.61 

37.17 

21.48 

91.00        438.17 

131,040 

10.85 

37.58 

21.96 

92.00        445.26 

132,480 

11.09 

37.99 

22.44        93.00        455.02 

133,920 

11.33 

38.40 

22.92        94.00       464.90 

135,360 

11.58 

38.81 

23.42        95.00        474.88 

136,800 

11.83 

39.22    |    23.91 

96.00        484.97 

138,240 

12.08 

40 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  ONE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to  j 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

isr  s 

39.62         24.40 

97.00 

491.98 

139,680 

12.32 

40.03 

24.91 

98.00 

502.21 

141,120        12.58 

40.44 
40.85 

25.42 
25.94 

99.00 
100.00 

512.55        142,560     |  12.84 
523.00    ;    144,000        13.10 

41.26 

26.47 

101.00 

533.55        145,440 

13.37 

41.67 

26.99 

102.00 

540.97 

146,880 

13.63 

42.08 

27.53 

103.00 

551.67       148,320       13.90 

42.48 

28.05 

104.00 

562.20        149,  760"      14.17 

42.89 

28.60 

105.00 

573.11        151,200        14,44 

43.30 

29.15 

106.00 

584.12 

152,640     i  14.72 

43.71 

29.70 

107.00 

591.67 

154,080 

15.00 

44.12 

30.26 

108.00 

602.82 

155,520 

15.28 

44.53 

30.83 

109.00 

614.08 

156,960 

15.57 

44.93 

31.38 

110.00 

625.16 

158,400 

15.85 

45.34 

31.96 

111.00 

636.62 

159,840 

16.14 

45.75 

32.54 

112.00 

644.28 

161,280 

16.47 

46.16 

33.13 

113.00 

655.88 

162,720 

16.73 

46.57 

33.72 

114.00 

667.58 

164,160 

17.03 

46.98 

34.31 

115.00 

679.39 

165,600 

17.33 

47.39 

34.91 

116.00 

691.30 

167,040 

17.63 

47.79 

35.51 

117.00 

698.76 

168,480 

17.93 

48.20 

36.12 

118.00 

710.80 

169,920 

18.24 

48.61 

36.73 

119.00 

722.94 

171,360 

18.55 

49.02 

37.36 

120.00 

735.19 

172,800 

18.87 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.       41 


DIAMETEE  ONE  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 

to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

49.43    :    37.98 

121.00 

747.54 

174,240 

19.18 

49.84    i    38.02 

122.00 

759.99 

175,680 

19.50 

50.25    j    39.26 

123.00 

772.55 

177,120 

19.82 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  ONE  AND  ONE-FOUBTE  INCH, 


Mean 

Velocity 
of  Wciter 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  h. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.39          0.00 

1.50 

0.12 

2,160 

0.00 

0.78 

0.01 

3.00 

0.37 

4,320 

0.00 

1.18 

0.02 

4.50 

0.74 

6,480 

0.01 

1.57 

0.04 

6.00 

1.19 

8,640          0.02 

1.96 

0.06 

7.50 

1.75 

10,800      ;    0.03 

2.35 
2.75 

0.09 
0.12 

9.00 
10.50 

2.41 
3.14 

12,960      :    0.04 
15,120          0.06 

3.14 

0.15 

12.00 

3.91 

17,280 

0.08 

3.53 

0.19 

13.50 

4.84 

19,440 

0.10 

3.92 

0.24 

15.00 

5.78 

21,600 

0.12 

4.31 

0.29 

16.50    ;       688 

23,760 

0.15 

4.71 

0.34 

18.00 

7.98 

25,920 

0.17 

5.10 

0.40 

19.50 

9.24         28,080 

0.20 

5.49 

0.47 

21.00 

10.53 

30,240 

0.24 

5.88 

0.54- 

22.50 

11.82 

32,400 

0.27 

6.27 

0.61 

24.00 

13.32 

34,560 

0.31 

6.67 

0.69 

25.50 

14.81 

36,720 

0.35 

7.06 

0.77 

27.00 

16.44 

38,880 

0.39 

7.45          0.86 

28.50 

18.06 

41,040 

0.44 

7.84 
8.24 

0.96 
1.06 

30.00 
31.50 

19.91 
21.69 

43,200 
45,360 

0.48 
0.53 

8.63 

1.16 

33.00 

23.45 

47,520 

0.58 

9.02 

1.26 

34.50 

25.50 

49,680 

0.64 

9.41 

1.38 

36.00 

27.49 

51,840 

0.70 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.       43 


DIAMETER  ONE  AND  ONE-FOURTH  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  h. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

9.80 

1.49 

37.50    I    29.67  ' 

54,000 

0.75 

10.20 

1.62 

39.00    !    31.99 

56,160 

0.82 

10.59 

1.74 

40.50         34.14 

58,320 

0.88 

10.98 

1/87 

42.00 

36.35 

60,480 

0.95 

11.37 

2.01 

43.50 

38.78 

62,640 

1.01 

11.76 

2.15 

45.00 

41.07 

64,800 

1.09 

12.16 

2.30 

46.50 

43.92 

66,960 

1.16 

12.55 

2.45 

48.00 

46.54 

69,120 

1.24 

12.94 

2.60 

49.50 

48.98 

71,280 

1.31 

13.33 

2.76 

51.00 

51.71 

73,440 

1.40 

13.73 

2.93 

52.50 

54.86 

75,600 

1.48 

14.12 

3.10 

54.00 

57.73 

77,760 

1.57 

14.51 

3.27 

55.50 

60.33 

79,920 

1.65 

14.90 

3.45 

57.00 

63.29 

82,080 

1.74 

15.29 

3.63 

58.50 

66.29 

84,240 

1.84 

15.69 

3.83 

60.00 

69.81 

86,400 

1.93 

16.08 

4.02 

61.50 

72.93 

88,560 

2.03 

16.47 

4.22      I    63.00 

76.11 

90,720 

2.13 

16.86 

4.42 

64.50 

79.33 

92,880 

2.23 

17.25 

4.63 

66.00 

83.05 

95,040 

2.34 

17.65 

4.84 

67.50 

86.48 

97,200 

2.45 

18.04 

5.06 

69.00 

90.34 

99,360 

2.56 

18.43 

5.28 

70.50 

93.78         101,520 

2.67 

18.82 

5.51          72.00 

97.26        103,680 

2.78 

44      FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  ONE  AND  ONE-rOUETH  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

19.22 

5.74 

73.50 

101.44 

105,840 

2.90 

19.61 

5.98 

75.00 

105.03 

108,000 

3.02 

20.00 

6.22    ;      76.50 

108.65 

110,160 

3.14 

20.39 

6.46 

78.00 

112.93 

112,320 

3.26 

20.78 

6.71 

79.50 

116.65 

114,480 

3.39 

21.18 

6.97 

81.00 

121.18 

116,640 

3.52 

21.57 

7.23 

82.50 

124.99 

118,800 

3.65 

21.96 

7.50 

84.00 

129.55 

120,960 

3.79 

22.35 

7.77 

85.50 

134.19 

123,120 

3.92 

22.75 

8.05 

87.00 

137.49 

125,280 

4.06 

23.14 

8.32 

88.50 

142.25 

127,440 

4.20 

23.53 

8.61 

90.00 

146.26 

129,600 

4.35 

23.92 

8.90 

91.50 

151.14 

131,760 

4.49 

24.31 

9.19 

93.00 

156.11 

133,920 

4.64 

24.71 

9.49 

94.50 

161.29 

136,080 

4.79 

25.10 

9.79 

96.00 

166.43 

138,240 

4.95 

25.49 

10.10 

97.50 

171.64 

140,400 

5.10 

25.88 

10.41 

99.00 

175.93 

142,560 

5.26 

26.27 

10.73 

100.50 

181.27 

144,720 

5.42 

26.67 

11.06 

102.00 

185.77 

146,880 

5.58 

27.06 

11.38 

103.50 

191.25 

149,040 

5.75 

27.45 

11.71 

105.00 

196.80 

151,200 

5.92 

27.84 

12.05 

106.50 

201.27 

153,360 

6.08 

28.24 

12.40 

108.00 

207.10 

155,520 

6.26 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.       45 


DIAMETEE  ONE  AND  ONE-FOUETH  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

28.63 

12.74 

109.50 

211.63 

157,680 

6.44 

29.02 

13.09 

111.00 

217.44 

159,840 

6.61 

29.41 

13.45 

112.50 

223.32 

162,000 

6.79 

29.80 

13.81 

114.00 

227.96 

164,160 

6.97 

30.20 

14.18 

115.50 

234.12 

166,320 

7.16 

30.59 

14.55 

117.00 

240.21 

168,480 

7.35 

30.98 

14.92 

118.50 

246.37 

170,640 

7.53 

31.37 

15.30 

120.00 

252.61 

172,800 

7.73 

31.76 

15.68 

121.50 

257.43 

174,960 

7.92 

32.16 

16.08 

123.00 

263.95 

177,120 

8.12 

32.55 

16.47 

124.50 

268.81 

179,280 

8.32 

32.94 

16.87 

126.00 

275.29 

181,440 

8.52 

33.33 

17.27 

127.50 

281.85 

183,600 

8.72 

33.73 

17.69 

129.00 

288.65 

185,760 

8.93 

34.12 

18.10 

130.50 

295.37 

187,920 

9.14 

34.51 

18.51 

132.00 

300.38 

190,080 

9.35 

34.90 

18.94 

133.50 

307.21 

192,240 

9.56 

35.29 

19.36 

135.00 

314.12 

194,400 

9.78 

35.69 

19.80 

136.50 

319.38 

196,560 

10.00. 

36.08 

20.24 

138.00 

326.39 

198,720 

10.22 

36.47 

20.68 

139.50 

333.49 

200,880 

10.44 

36.86 

21.12 

141.00 

340.66 

203,040 

10.67 

37.25 

21.57 

142.50 

347.90 

205,200 

10.89 

37.65 

22.04 

144.00 

353.30 

207,360 

11.13 

46       FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  ONE  AND  ONE-POUETE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

38.04 

22.50 

145.50 

360.66 

209,520 

11.36 

38.43 

22.96 

147.00 

368.09 

211,680 

11.59 

38.82 

23.43 

148.50 

373.35  !    213,840 

11.83 

39.22 

23.91 

150.00 

381.09 

216,000 

12.08 

39.61 

24.39 

151.50      388.70 

218,160 

12.32 

40.00 

24.87 

153.00 

396.39 

220,320 

12.56 

40.39 

25.36 

154.50 

404.16 

222,480 

12.81 

40.78 

25.85 

156.00 

409.52 

224,640 

13.06 

41.18 

26.36 

157.50 

417.59 

226,800 

13.31 

41.57 

26.87 

159.00 

425.54  i    228,960 

13.57 

41.96 

27.37 

160.50 

433.56       231,120 

13.82 

42.35 

27.88 

162.00      441.66  j    233,280 

14.08 

42.75 

28.41 

163.50      447.32 

235,440 

14.35 

43.14 

28.93 

165.00      455.51 

237,600 

14.61 

43.53 

29.46 

166.50      463.79 

239,760 

14.88 

43.92 

29.99 

168.00      472.13       241,920 

15.14 

44,31 

30.52 

169.50      480.56 

244,080 

15.41 

44.71 

31.08 

171.00 

489.27 

246,240 

15.69 

45.10 

31.62 

172.50 

497.85 

248,400 

15.97 

45.49 

32.17 

174.00       506.49 

250,560 

16.25 

45.88 

32.72 

175.50      512.07  j    252,720 

16.53 

46.27 

33.28 

177.00      520.82       254,880 

16.81 

46.67 

33.86    !    178.50      529.86       257,040 

17.10 

47.06 

34.43        180.00       538.75       259.200 

17.39 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  ONE  AND  ONE-FOURTH  INCH, 


Mean 
"Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  is. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

47.45 

35.00 

181.50 

547.72 

261,360 

17.68 

47.84 

35.58 

183.00 

553.34 

263,520 

17.97 

48.24 

36.18 

184.50 

562.64 

265,680 

18.27 

48.63 

36.77 

186.00 

571.77 

267,840 

18.57 

49.02 

37.36 

187.50 

580.98 

270,000 

18.87 

49.41 

37.95 

189.00 

590.26 

272,160 

19.17 

49.80 

38.56 

190.50 

599.61 

274,320 

19.47 

50.20 

39.18 

192.00 

609.29 

276,480 

19.78 

48      FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  ONE  AND  ONE-HALF  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 

Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 

Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice,  of 
Influx. 

0.36 

0.00 

2.00 

0.08 

2,880 

0.00 

0.73 

0.01 

4.00 

0.27 

5,760 

0.00 

1.09 

0.02 

6.00 

0.54 

8,640 

0.01 

1.45 

0.03 

8.00 

0.85 

11,520 

0.02 

1.82 

0.05 

10.00 

1.24 

14,400 

0.03 

2.18 

0.07 

12.00 

1.69 

17,280 

0.04 

2.54 

0.10 

14.00 

2.23 

20,160 

9.05 

2.90 

0.13 

16.00 

2.77 

23,040 

0.07 

3.27 

0.17 

18.00 

3.46 

25,920 

0.08 

3.63 

0.20 

20.00 

4.10 

28,800 

0.10 

3.99 
4.36 

0.25 
0.30 

22.00 
24.00 

4.87 
5.72 

31,680 
34,560 

0.12 
0.15 

4.72 

0.35 

26.00 

6.54 

37,440 

0.17 

5.08 

0.40 

28.00 

7.48 

40,320 

0.20 

5.45 

0.46 

30.00 

8.42 

43,200 

0.23 

5.81 
0.17 

0.52 
0.59 

32.00 
34.00 

9.49 
10.51 

46,080 
48,960 

0.27 
0.30 

6.54 
6.90 

0.66 
0.74 

36.00 
38.00 

11.70 
12.85 

51,840 
54,720 

0.34 
0.37 

7.26 

0.82 

40.00 

14.09 

57,600 

0.41 

7.63 

0.91 

42.00 

15.35 

60,480 

0.46 

7.99 

0.99 

44.00 

16.75 

63,360 

0.50 

8.35 

1.08 

46.00 

18.21 

66,240 

0.55 

8.71 

1.18 

48.00 

19.53 

69,120 

0.60 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.       49 


DIAMETER  ONE  AND  ONE-HALP  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 

in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons, 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

9.08 

1.28 

50.00 

21.12. 

72,000 

0.65 

9.44 

1.39 

52.00 

22.61 

74,880 

0.70 

9.80 

1.49 

54.00 

24.25 

77,760 

0.75 

10.17 

1.61 

56.00 

25.98 

80,640 

0.81 

10.53 

1.72 

58.00 

27.58 

83,520 

0.87 

10.89 

1.84 

60.00        29.20 

86,400 

0.93 

11.26 

1.97 

62.00        31.06 

89,280 

1.00 

11.62 

2.10 

64.00 

33.08 

92,160 

1.06 

11.98 

2.23 

66.00        34.81 

95,040 

1.13 

12.35 

2.37 

68.00        36.80 

97,920 

1.20 

12.71 

2.51 

70.00        38.98        100,800 

1.27 

13.07 

2.66 

72.00    !    41.00        103,680 

1.34 

13.43 

2.80 

74.00        42.85        106,560 

1.42 

13.80 

2.96 

76.00        45.00 

109,440 

1.50 

14.16 

3.12 

78.00    ;    47.38 

112,320 

1.57 

14.52 

3.28          80.00        49.56 

115,200 

1.66 

14.89 

3.45          82.00        51.84 

118,080 

1.74 

15.25 

3.62      !    84.00        54.38 

120,960          1.83 

15.61 

3.79      ;    86.00        56.67 

123,840          1.91 

15.98 

3.97      i    88.00        59.07 

126,720     !     2.00 

16.34         4.15      !    90.00    !    61.43    j    129,600 

2.10 

16.70    i     4.34 

92.00    !    64.17        132,480 

2.19 

17.07         4.53 

94.00 

66.68        135,360 

2.29 

17.43 

4.72 

96.00 

69.52        138,240 

2.39 

50       FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  ONE  AND  ONE-HALF  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  IS. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

17.79 

4.92 

98.00 

72.03 

141,120 

2.48 

18.16 

5.13 

100.00 

75.06 

144,000 

2.59 

18.52 

5.33 

102.00    |     77.64 

146,880 

2.69 

18.88 

5.54 

104.00        80.24 

149,760 

2.80 

19.24 

5.75 

106.00        83.33 

152,640 

2.91 

19.61 

5.98 

108.00        86.09 

155,520 

3.02 

19.97 

6.20 

110.00        89.28 

158,400 

3.13 

20.33 

6.43 

112.00    \     92.53 

161,280 

3.24 

20.70 

6.66 

114.00        94.86 

164,160 

3.36 

21.06 

6.90 

116.00        98.19 

167,040 

3.48 

21.42 

7.13 

118.00      101.57 

169,920 

3.60 

21.79 

7.38 

120.00 

104.52 

172,800 

3.73 

22.15 

7.63 

122.00 

108.00 

175,680         3.85 

22.51 

7.88 

124.00 

110.91 

178,560         3.98 

22.88 

8.14 

126.00 

114.59 

181,440         4.11 

23.24 

8.40 

128.00 

118.22 

184,320         4.24 

23.60 

8.66 

130.00 

121.22 

187,200         4.37 

23.97 

8.93 

132.00 

125.05 

190,080          4.51 

24.33 

9.20 

134.00 

128.84 

192,960         4.65 

24.69 

9.48 

136.00 

131.92 

195,840         4.79 

25.05 

9.76 

138.00 

135.79 

198,720          4.W 

25.42 

10.05 

140.00 

139.84 

201,600         5.07 

25.78 

10.33        142.00 

143.00 

204,480     1     5.22 

26.14 

,  10.62        144.00 

147.02 

207,360          5.36 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.         51 


DIAMETEE  ONE  AND  ONE-HALP  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Wat«-r 
in  Ft. 
pel- 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  IT.  S. 

Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

LOPS  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifuv  of 
Influx. 

26.51 

10.93 

146.00 

150.34 

210,240 

5.52 

26.87 

11.22 

148.00 

154.45 

213,120 

5.67 

27.23 

11.53 

150.00 

158.61 

216,000 

5.82 

27.60 

11.84 

152.00 

162.95 

218,880 

5.98 

27.96 

12.15 

154.00 

167.23 

221,760 

6.14 

28.32 

12.47 

156.00 

171.57 

224,640 

6.30 

28.69 

12.80 

158.00 

175.06 

227,520 

6.46 

29.05 

13.12 

160.  CO 

179.48 

230,400 

6.63 

29.41 

13.45 

162.00 

183.95 

233,280 

6.79 

29.77 

13.78        164.00 

187.38 

236,160 

6.96 

30.14 

14.12        166.00 

192.07 

239,040 

7.13 

30.50 

14.46 

168.00 

196.68 

241,920 

7.30 

30.86 

14.81 

170.00 

200.17 

244,800 

7.48 

31.23 

15.16 

172.00 

205.00 

247,680 

7.66 

31.59 

15.51 

174.00 

208.51 

250,560 

7.83 

31.95 

15.87 

176.00 

213.29 

253,440 

8.01 

32.32 

16.24 

178.00      218.26 

256,320 

8.20 

32.68 

16.60 

180.00      223.15 

259,200 

8.38 

33.04 

16.97 

182.00      228.09 

I 

262,080 

8.57 

33.41 

17.35        184.00      233.23 

264,960 

8.76 

33.77 

17.73        186.00      236.86 

267,840 

8.95 

34.13 

18.11        188.00      241.94 

270,720 

9.15 

34.50 

18.50        190.00      247.21 

273,600 

9.34 

34.86 

18.89       192.00      252.40 

276,480 

9.54: 

52        FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  ONE  AND  ONE-HAL!  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1(10  Ft. 

Discharge 
inU.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

35.22 

19.28 

194.00 

257.64 

279,360 

9.74 

35.58 

19.68 

196.00 

261.36 

282,240 

9.94 

35.95 

20.09 

198.00 

266.82 

285,120 

10.15 

36.31 

20.50 

200.00 

272.19 

288,000 

10.35 

36.67 

20.90 

202.00 

277.62 

290,880 

10.56 

37.04 

21.33 

204.00 

283.25 

293,760 

10.77 

37.40 

21.75 

206.00 

288.78 

296,640       10.98 

37.76 

22.17 

208.00 

292.59 

299,520 

11.19 

38.13 

22.60 

210.00 

298.36 

302,400 

11.41 

38.49 

23.03 

212.00 

304.02  |    305,280 

11.63 

38.85 

23.46 

214.00 

309.73 

308,160 

11.85 

39.22 

23.91 

216.00 

315.66 

311,040 

12.08 

39.58 

24.35 

218.00 

319.53 

313,920 

12.30 

89.94 

24.80 

220.00 

325.37 

316,800 

12.52 

'40.30 

25.25 

222.00 

331.26 

319,680 

12.75 

40.67 

25.71 

224.00 

337.37 

322,560 

12.99 

41.03 

26.17 

226.00 

343.37 

325,440 

13.22 

41.39 

26.63 

228.00 

349.42 

328,320 

13.45 

41.76 

27.11 

230.00 

353.53 

331,200 

13.61) 

42.12 

27.58 

232.00 

359.65 

334,080 

13.93 

42.48 

28.05 

234.00 

365.83 

336,960 

14.17 

'42.85 

28.54 

236.00 

372.23 

339,840 

14.42 

i 

43.21 

29.03 

238.00 

378.51 

342,720 

14.  6G 

*43.57 

29.51 

240.00 

382.48 

345,600 

14.90 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.        53 


DIAMETER  ONE  AND  ONE-HALE  INCH, 


Mean 

Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second  . 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
1    iiiU.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
1    Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  oi 
Influx. 

43.94 

30.02 

!    242.00 

389.00' 

348,480 

15.16 

44.30 

30.51 

244.00 

395.40 

351,360 

15.41 

44.66 

31.01 

I    246.00 

401.86 

354,240 

15.66 

45.03 

31.52 

248.00 

408.54 

357,120 

15.92 

45.39 

32.03 

!   250.00 

415.10 

360,000 

16.17 

45.75 

32.54 

252.00 

421.71 

362,880 

16.43 

46.11 

33.05 

;    254.00 

428.37 

365,760 

16.69 

46.48 

33.59 

;    256.00 

435.28 

368,640 

16.96 

46.84 

34.11 

258.00 

439.32 

371,520 

17.22 

47.20 

34.63 

j    260.00 

446.10 

374,400 

17.49 

47.57 

35.18 

262.00 

453.12 

377,280 

17.77 

47.93 

35.71 

!    264.00 

460.00 

380,160 

18.04 

48.29 

36.25 

266.00 

466.94 

383,040 

18.31 

48.  (5(> 

36.81 

268.00 

471.17 

385,920 

18.59 

49.02 

37.36 

270.00 

478.17 

388,800 

18.87 

49.38 

37.91 

272.00 

485.22 

391,680 

19.14 

49.75 

38.48 

;    274.00 

492.52 

394,560 

19.43 

50.11 

39.04 

1    276.00 

499.67 

397,440 

19.71 

54       FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  TWO  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 

Ft   re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  a. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to  ! 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft.     i 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.41 

0.00 

4.00 

0.07    ! 

5,760 

0.00 

0.82 

0.01 

8.00 

0.23 

11,520 

0.01 

1.23 

0.02 

12.00 

0.45 

17,280 

0.01 

1.63 

0.04 

16.00  ' 

0.72 

23,040 

0.02 

2.04 

0.06 

20.00 

1.08 

28,800 

0.03 

2.45 

0.09 

24.00 

1.47 

34,560 

0.05 

2.86 

0.13 

28.00 

1.96 

40,320 

0.06 

3.27 

0.17 

32.00 

2.45 

46,080 

0.08 

3.68 

0.21 

36.00 

2.99 

51,840 

0.11 

4.08 

0.26 

40.00 

3.63 

57,600 

0.13 

4.49 

0.31 

44.00 

4.27 

63,360 

0.16 

4.90 

0.37 

48.00 

4.97 

69,120 

0.19 

5.31 

0.44 

52.00 

5.79 

74,880 

0.22 

5.72 

0.51 

56.00 

6.59 

80,640 

0.26 

6.13 

0.58 

60.00 

7.43 

86,400 

0.30 

6.54 

0.66 

64.00 

8.38 

92,160 

0.34 

6.94 

0.75 

68.00 

9.30 

97,920 

0.38 

7.35 

0.84 

72.00 

10.38 

103,680 

0.42 

7.76 

0.94 

76.00 

11.40 

109,440 

0.47 

8.17 

1.04 

80.00 

12.45 

115,200 

0.52 

8.58 

1.14 

84.00 

13.73 

120,960 

0.58 

8.99 

1.26 

88.00 

14.93 

12(5,720 

0.63 

9.40 

1.37 

92.00 

16.15 

132,480 

0.  69 

9.80 

1.49 

96.00 

17.47 

138,240 

0.75 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  TWO  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 

in  Ft. 
per 

Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
He  ad  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1(10  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

10.21 

1.62 

100.00 

18.86 

144,000 

0.82 

10.62 

1.75 

104.00 

20.20' 

149,760 

0.89 

11.03 

1.89 

108.00 

21.68 

155,520 

0.96 

11.44 

2.03 

112.00 

23.07 

161,280 

1.03 

11.85 

2.18 

116.00 

24.62 

167,040 

1.10 

12.25 

2.33 

120.00 

26.32 

172,800 

1.18 

12.66 

2.49 

124.00 

27.96 

178,560 

1.26 

13.07 

2.66 

128.00 

29.64 

184,320 

1.34 

13.48 

2.82 

132.00 

31.36 

190,080 

1.43 

13.89 

3.00 

136.00 

33.11 

195,840 

1.51 

14.30 

3.18 

140.00 

34.91 

201,600 

1.61 

14.71 

3.36 

144.00 

36.94 

207,360 

1.70 

15.11 

3.55 

148.00 

38.76 

213,120 

1.79 

15.52 

3.74 

152.00 

40.67 

218,880 

1.89 

15.93 

3.95 

156.00 

42.61 

224,640 

1.99 

16.34 

4.15 

160.00 

44.58 

230,400 

2.10 

16.75 

4.36 

164.00 

46.84 

236,160 

2.20 

17.16 

4.58 

168.00 

48.89 

241,920 

2.31 

17.57 
17.97 

4.80 
5.02 

172.00 
176.00 

51.26 
53.31 

247,680 
253,440 

2.42 
2.54 

18.38 

5.25 

180.00 

55.46 

259,200 

2.65 

18.79 

5.49 

184.00 

57.63 

264,960 

2.77 

19.20 

5.73 

188.00 

60.18 

270,720 

2.89 

19.61 

5.98 

192.00 

62.77 

276,480 

3.02 

56        FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  TWO  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 

100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

20.02          6.23 

196.00 

65.05 

282,240 

3.15 

20.42    !      6.48 

200.00 

67.68 

288,000 

3.27 

20.83    I      6.75 

204.00 

70.02 

293,760 

3.41 

21.24    |      7.01 

208.00 

72.80 

299,520 

3.54 

21.65          7.29    !    212.00 

75.20 

305,280 

3.68 

22.06    !      7.57    •    216.00 

78.08 

311,040 

3.82 

22.47          7.85        220.00 

81.01 

316,800     !    3.96 

22.88          8.14       224.00 

83.50 

322,560     i    4.11 

23.28          8.43        228.00 

86.45 

328,320         4.25 

23,69    i      8.72        232.00        88.99 

334,080         4.41 

24.10          9.03        236.00  |     92.10 

339,840 

4.56 

24.51          9.34 

240.00  |      94.70 

345,600     i    4.72 

24.92    i      9.65 

244.00        97.90       351,360 

4.88 

25.33 
25.74 
26.14 

9.97 
10.30 
10.62 

248.00 
252.00 
256.00 

101.14       357,120 
103.83       362,880 
107.  OS        3()8,640 

5.04 
5.20 
5.36 

26.55        10.96       260.00      109,81       374,400         5.53 

26.96        11.30    i    264.00      113.22 

380,160 

5.71 

27.37        11.65    i    268.00  i    116.69 

385,920         5.88 

27.78        12.00       272.00      119.50 

391,680         6.06 

28.19 

12.35 

276.00      123.05 

397,440 

6.24 

28.59 

12.71 

280.00      126.57 

403,200 

6.42 

29.00 

13.07 

284.00      130.22 

408,960 

6.60 

29.41 

13.45 

288.00  \   133.93 

414,720 

6.79 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.       •")? 


DIAMETEE  TWO  INCH, 


Mean     ,  H.  ad  in     DisM,harffft 
Velocity       Ft.  re- 

inw^rScio  ^ 

S^ond.     Velo'Sy.      Mi'»'te' 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
IdO  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

'J9.N2        13.8-2        292.00 

130:36 

420,480          (>.(JS 

30.23        14.21        296.00 

140.  05 

426,240          7.17 

30.64    ;    14.60        300.00 

144.49 

432,000 

7.37 

31.05        14.99        304.00 

148.38 

437,760          7.57 

31.45        15.38        308.00 

152.23 

443,520 

7.77 

31.86        15.78    i    312.00 

155.28 

449,280 

7.97 

32.27 

16.19        316.00 

159.30 

455,040 

8.18 

32.68 

16.60        320.00 

163.38 

460,800 

8.38 

33.09 

17.02        324.00      167.50 

466,560 

s.r.o 

33.50 

17.45    ;    328.00      171.08 

472,320 

S.Nl    - 

33.91 

17.88 

332.00      174.83 

478,080 

9.03 

34.31 

18.30 

336.00  !    178.98 

483,840 

i).24 

34.72 

18.74 

340.00  i    182.16 

489,600 

9.46 

35.13 

19.19 

344.00  i    186.49 

495,360 

9.09 

35.54 

19.64 

348.00      190.87 

501,120 

9.92 

35.95 

20.09 

352.00      195.30 

506,880 

10.15 

36.36 

20.55 

356.00      199.78 

512,640 

10.38 

36.76 

21.01 

360.00      204.20 

518,400 

10.01 

37.17 

21.48 

364.00      208.78 

524,160        10.85 

37.58 

21.96 

368.00  !    212.09 

529,920        11.09 

37.99 

22.44 

372.00      216.74 

535,080        11.33 

38.40 

22.92 

376.00      221.45 

541,440        11.58 

38.81 

23.42 

380.00 

226.20 

547,200 

11.83 

39.22 

23.91 

384.00      231.00 

551,1)00 

12.08 

58      FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  TWO  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 

Second. 

Head  in 

Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
iii  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
K  10  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Oriiiceof 
Influx. 

39.02 

i    24.40 

388.00 

234.28 

558,720 

12.32 

40.03 

24.91 

392  00 

239.15 

564,480 

12.58 

40.44 

25.42 

390.00 

244.07 

570,240 

12.84 

40.85 

25.94 

400.00 

249.05 

576,000 

13.10 

41.20 

26.47 

404.00 

254.07 

581,760 

13.37 

41.07 

26.99 

408.00 

259.15 

587,520 

13.63 

42.08 

27.53 

412.00 

264.27 

593,280 

13.90 

42.48 

28.05 

416.00 

269.32 

599,040 

14.17 

42.89 

28.00 

420.00 

272.83 

604,800 

14.44 

43.30 

29.15 

424.00 

278.07 

610,560 

14.72 

43.71 

29.70 

428.00 

283.36 

616,320 

15.00 

44.12 

30.20 

432.  00 

288.70 

622,080 

15.28 

44.53 

30.83 

436.00 

292.24 

027,840 

15.57 

44.93 

31.38 

440.00 

297.51 

033,000 

15.85 

45.34 

31.90 

444.00 

302.97 

039,360 

16.14 

45.75 

32.54 

448.00 

308.47 

645,120 

16.43 

40.10 

33.13 

452.00 

314.03 

650,880 

16.73 

40.57 

33.72 

456.00 

319.63 

656,640 

17.03 

40.98 

34.31 

.460.00 

325.28 

662,400 

17.33 

47  39 

34.91 

464.00 

330.99 

668,160 

17.63 

47.79 

35.51 

468.00 

334.47 

673,920 

17.93 

48.20 

36.12 

472.00 

340.23 

679,680 

18.24 

48.61 

36.73 

476.00 

346.04 

685,440 

18.55 

49.02 

37.30 

480.00 

351.90 

691,200 

18.87 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.       59 


DIAMETER  TWO  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 

Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

484.00 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 

19.18 

49.43 

37.98 

357.82 

696,960 

49.84 

38.62 

488.00 

361.46 

702,720 

19.50 

50.25 

39.26 

492.00 

367.43 

708,480 

19.82 

60       FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  TWO  AND  ONE-HALF  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  h. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.39 

0.00 

6.00 

0.05 

8,640 

0.00 

0.78 

0.01 

12.00 

0.15 

17,280 

0.00 

1.18 

0.02 

18.00 

0.31 

25,920 

0.01 

1.57 

0.04 

24.00 

0.50 

34,560 

0.02 

1.96 

0.06 

30.00 

0.75 

43,200 

0.03 

2.35 

0.09 

36.00 

1.04 

51,840 

0.04 

2.75 

0.12 

42.00 

1.36 

60,480 

0.06 

3.14 

0.15 

48.00 

1.71 

69,120 

0.08 

3.53 

0.19 

54.00 

2.12 

77,760 

0.10 

3.92 

0.24 

60.00 

2.53 

86,400 

0.12 

4.31 

0.29 

66.00 

3.02 

95,040 

0.15 

4.71 

0.34 

72.00 

3.53 

103,680 

0.17 

5.10 

0.40 

78.00 

4.10 

112,320 

0.20 

5.49 

0.47 

84.00 

4.66 

120,960 

0.24 

5.88 

0.54 

90.00 

5.26 

129,600 

0.27 

6.27 

0.61 

96.00 

5.93 

138,240 

0.31 

6.67 

0.69 

102.00 

6.61 

146,880 

0.35 

7.<><; 

0.77 

108.00 

7.36 

155,520 

0.39 

7.45 

0.86 

114.00 

8.08 

164,160 

0.44 

7.84 

0.96 

120.00 

8.90 

172,800 

0.48 

8.24 

1.06 

126.00 

9.73 

181,440 

0.53 

8.63 

1.16         132.00 

10.56 

190,080 

0.58 

9.02 

1.26 

138.00 

11.47 

198,720 

0.64 

9.41 

1.38 

144.00 

12.42 

207,360 

0.70 

FRICTION  OP  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.       61 


DIAMETER  TWO  AND  ONE-HALF  INCH, 


Mean 

Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 

Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  ». 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Dischar  ge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

9.80 

1.49 

150.00 

13.40 

216,000 

0.75 

10.20 

1.62 

156.00 

14.44 

224,640 

0.82 

10.59 

1.74 

162.00 

15.48 

233,280 

0.88 

10.98 

1.87 

168.00 

16.55 

241,920 

0.95 

11.37 

2.01 

174.00 

17.56 

250,560 

1.01 

11.76 

2.15 

180.00 

18.68 

259,200 

1.09 

12.16 

2.30 

186.00 

19.97 

267,840 

1.16 

12.55 

2.45 

192.00 

21.16 

276,480 

1.24 

12.94 

2.60 

198.00 

22.37 

285,120 

1.31 

13.33 

2.76 

204.00 

23.60 

293,760 

1.40 

13.73 

2.93 

210.00 

25.04 

302,400 

1.4S 

14.12 

3.10 

216.00 

26.33 

311,040 

1.57 

14.51 

3.27 

222.00 

27.65 

319,680 

1.65 

14.90 

3.45 

228.00 

28.99 

328,320 

1.74 

15.29 
15.09 

3.63 
3.83 

234.00 
240.00 

30.36 
31.96 

336,960 
345,600 

1.84 
1.93 

16.08 

4.02 

246.00 

33.57 

354,240 

2.03 

16.47 

4.22 

252.00 

35.02 

362,880 

2.13 

16.86 

4.42 

258.00 

36.48 

371,520 

2.23 

17.25 

4.63 

264.00 

38.19 

380,160 

2.34 

17.65 

4.84 

270.00 

39.75 

388,800 

2.45 

18.04 

5.06 

276.00 

41.53 

397,440 

2.56 

18.43 

5.28 

282.00 

43.09 

406,080 

2.67 

18.82 

5.51 

288.00        44.67 

414,720 

2.78 

2       FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  TWO  AND  ONE-HAL!  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
pei- 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

19.22 

5.74 

294.00 

46.59 

423,360 

2.90 

19.61 

5.98 

300.00 

48.50 

432,000 

3.02 

20.00 

6.22 

306.00 

50.15 

440,640 

3.14 

20.39 

6.46 

312.00 

52.12 

449,280 

3.26 

20.78 

6.71 

318.00 

53.81 

457,920 

3.39 

21.18 

6.97 

324.00 

55.90 

466,560 

3.52 

21.57 

7.23 

330.00 

57.63 

475,200 

3.65 

21.96 
22.35 

7.50 

7.77 

336.00 
342.00 

59.74 
61.88 

483,840 
492,480 

3.79 

3.92 

22.75 

8.05 

348.00 

64.11 

501,120 

4.06 

23,  U 

8.32 

354.00 

66.33 

509,760 

4.20 

23.53 

8.61 

360.00 

68.17 

518,400 

4.35 

23.92 

8.90 

366.00 

70.45 

527,040 

4.49 

24.31 

9.19 

372.00 

72.76 

535,680 

4.64 

24.71 

9.49 

378.00 

74,72 

544,320 

4.79 

25.10 

9.79 

384.00 

77.10 

552,960 

4.95 

25.49 

10.10 

390.00 

79.52 

561,600 

5.10 

25.88 

10.41 

396.00 

81.97 

570,240 

5.26 

26.27 

10.73 

402.00 

84.46 

578,880 

5.42 

26.67 

11.06 

408.00 

86.52 

587,520 

5.58 

27.06 

11.38 

414.00 

89.07 

596,160 

5.75 

27.45 

11.71 

420.00 

91.65 

604,800        5.92 

27.84 

12.05 

426.00 

93.70 

613,440 

6.08 

28.24 

12.40 

432.00 

96.41 

622,080 

6.26 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.       63 


DIAMETEK  TWO  AND  ONE-HALP  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 

Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  «. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hoiirs. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

28.63 

12.74 

438.00 

99.Q9 

630,720 

6.44 

29.02 

13.09 

444.00 

101.81 

639,360 

6.61 

29.41 

13.45 

450.00 

104.56 

648,000 

6.79 

29.80 

13.81 

456.00 

106.69 

656,640 

6.97 

30.20 

14.18 

462.00 

109.57 

665,280 

7.16 

30.59 

14.55 

468.00 

111.72 

673,920 

7.35 

30.98 

14.92 

474.00 

114.59 

682,560 

7.53 

31.37 

15.30 

480.00 

117.49 

691,200 

7.73 

31.76 

15.68 

486.00 

120.43 

699,840 

7.92 

32.16 

16.08 

492.00 

123.49 

708,480 

8.12 

32.55 

16.47 

498.00 

125.71 

717,120 

8.32 

32.94 

16.87 

504.00 

128.74 

725,760 

8.52 

33.33 

17.27 

510.00 

131.81 

734,400 

8.72 

33.73 

17.69 

516.00 

134.99 

743,040 

8.93 

34.12 

18.10 

522.00 

138.13 

751,680 

9.14 

34.51 

18.51 

528.00 

140.42 

760,320 

9.35 

34.90 

18.94 

534.00 

143.61 

768,960 

9.56 

35.29 

19.36 

540.00 

146.83 

777,600 

9.78 

35.69 

19.80 

546.00 

150.18 

786,240 

10.00 

36.08 

20.24 

552.00 

153.48 

794,880 

10.22 

36.47 

20.68 

558.00 

156.82 

803,520 

10.44 

36.86 

21.12 

564.00 

160.19 

812,160 

10.67 

37.25 

21.57 

570.00 

163.60 

820,800 

10.89 

37.65 

22.04 

576.00 

166.07 

829,440 

11.13 

64       FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  TWO  AND  ONE-EALP  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

38.04: 

22.50 

582.00 

169.53 

838,080 

11.36 

38.43 

22.96 

588.00 

173.02 

846,720 

11.59 

38.82 

23.43 

594.00 

176.56 

855,360 

11.83 

39.22 

23.91 

600.00 

180.21 

864,000 

12.08 

39.61 

24.39 

606.00 

182.64 

872,640 

12.32 

40.00 

24.87 

612.00 

186.26 

881,280 

12.56 

40.39 

25.36 

618.00 

189.91 

889,920 

12.81 

40.78 

25.85 

624.00 

193.59 

898,560 

13.06 

41.18 

26.36 

630.00 

197.41 

907,200 

13.31 

41.57 

26.87 

636.00 

199.88 

915,840 

13.57 

41.96 

27.37 

642.00 

203.64 

924,480 

13.82 

42.35 

27.88 

648.00 

207.45 

933,120 

14.08 

42.75 

28.41 

654.00 

211.38 

941,760 

14.35 

43.14 

28.93 

660.00 

215.26 

950,400 

14.61 

43.53 

29.46 

666.00 

217.75 

959,040 

14.88 

43.92 

29.99 

672.00 

221.67 

967,680 

15.14 

44.31 

30.52 

678.00 

225.63 

976,320 

15.41 

44.71 

31.08 

684.00 

229.72 

984,960 

15.69 

45.10 

31.62 

690.00 

233.75 

993,600 

15.97 

45.49 

32.17 

696.00 

237.81 

1,002,240 

16.25 

45.88 

32.72 

702.00 

241.90 

1,010,880 

16.53 

46.27 

33.28 

708.00 

246.03 

1,019,520 

16.81 

46.67 

33.86 

714.00 

250.30 

1,028,160 

17.10 

47.06 

34.43 

720.00 

254.50 

1,036,800 

17.39 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.       65 


DIAMETEE  TWO  AND  ONE-HALF  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired 1  o 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Lioss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

47.45 

47.84 

35.00 
35.58 

726.00 
732.00 

258.74 
261.30 

1,045,440 
1,054,080 

17.68 
17.97 

48.24 

36.18 

738.00 

265.69 

1,062,720 

18.27 

48.63 

36.77 

744.00 

270.00 

1,071,360 

18.57 

49.02 

37.36 

750.00 

274.35 

1,080,000 

18.87 

49.41 

37.95 

756.00 

278.73 

1,088,640 

19.17 

49.80 

38.56 

762.00 

283.15 

1,097,280 

19.47 

50.20 

39.18 

768.00 

287.72 

1,105,920 

19.78 

66       FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  THEEE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.36 

0.00 

8.00 

0.03 

11,520 

0.00 

0.73 

0.01 

16.00 

0.11 

23,040 

0.00 

1.09 

0.02 

24.00 

0.21 

34,560 

0.01 

1.45 

0.03 

32.00 

0.34 

46,080 

0.02 

1.82 

0.05 

40.00 

0.51 

57,600         0.03 

2.18 

0.07 

48.00 

0.70 

69,120     j    0.04 

2.54 

0.10 

56.00 

0.93 

80,640     !    0.05 

2.90 

0.13 

64.00 

1.16 

92,160     I    0.07 

3.27 

0.17 

72.00 

1.45 

103,680 

0.08 

3.63 

0.20 

80.00 

1.73 

115,200 

0.10 

3.99 

0.25 

88.00 

2.07 

126,720 

0.12 

4.36 

0.30 

96.00 

2.44 

138,240 

0.15 

4.72 

0.35 

104.00 

2.80 

149,760 

0.17 

5.08 

0.40 

112.00 

3.21 

161,280 

0.20 

5.45 

0.46 

120.00 

3.62 

172,800         0.23 

5.81 

0.52 

128.00 

4.09 

184,320         0.27 

6.17 

0.59 

136.00 

4.55 

195,840 

0.30 

6.54 

0.66 

144.00 

5.05 

207,360 

0.34 

6.90 

0.74 

152.00 

5.57 

218,880         0.37 

7.26 

0.82 

160.00 

6.13 

230,400         0.41 

7.63 

0.91 

168.00 

6.70 

241,920 

0.46 

7.99 

0.99 

176.00 

7.30 

253,440 

0.50 

8.35 

1.08 

184.00 

7.93 

264,960 

0.55 

8.71 

1.18 

192.00 

8.59 

276,480 

0.60 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.       67 


DIAMETEE  THEEE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 

in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 

Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

9.08 

1.28 

200.00 

9.28 

288,000 

0.65 

9.44 

1.39 

208.00 

9.97 

299,520 

0.70 

9.80 

1.49 

216.00 

10.69 

311,040 

0.75 

10.17 

1.61 

224.00 

11.45 

322,560 

0.81 

10.53 

1.72 

232.00 

12.20 

334,080 

0.87 

10.89 

1.84 

240.00 

12.98 

345,600 

0.93 

11.26 

1.97 

248.00 

13.72 

357,120 

1.00 

11.62 

2.10 

256.00 

14.61 

368,640 

1.06 

11.98 

2.23 

264.00 

15.53 

380,160 

1.13 

12.35 

2.37 

272.00 

16.41 

391,680 

1.20 

12.71 

2.51 

280.00 

17.38 

403,200 

1.27 

13.07 

2.66 

288.00 

18.27 

414,720 

1.34 

13.43 

2.80 

296.00 

19.18 

426,240 

1.42 

13.80 

2.96 

304.00 

20.13 

437,760 

1.50 

14.16 

3.12 

312.00 

21.20 

449,280 

1.57 

14.52 

3.28 

320.00 

22.16 

460,800 

1.66 

14.89 

3.45 

328.00 

23.16 

472,320 

1.74 

15.25 

3.62 

336.00 

24.30 

483,840 

1.83 

15.61 

3.79 

344.00 

25.46 

495,360 

1.91 

15.98 

3.97 

352.00 

26.52 

506,880 

2.00 

16.34 

4.15 

360.00 

27.56 

518,400 

2.1(1 

^16.70 

4.34 

368.00 

28.79 

529,920 

2.19 

17.07 

4.53 

376.00 

30.08 

541,440 

2.29 

17.43 

4.72 

384.00 

31.17 

552,960 

2.39 

68      FRICTION  OP  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  THREE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
product; 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

17.79 

4.92 

392.00 

32.47 

564,480 

2.48 

18.16 

5.13 

400.00 

33.84 

576,000 

2.59 

18.52 

5.33 

408.00 

34.98 

587,520 

2.69 

18.88 

5.54 

416.00 

36.35 

599,040 

2.80 

19.24 

5.75 

424.00 

37.75 

610,560 

2.91 

19.61 

5-98 

432.00 

38.98 

622,080 

3.02 

19.97 

6.20 

440.00 

40.42 

633,600 

3.13 

20.33 

6.43 

448.00 

41.89 

645,120 

3.24 

20.70 

6.66 

456.00 

43.17 

656,640 

3.36 

21.06 

6.90 

464.00 

44.68 

668,160 

3.48 

21.42 

7.13 

472.00 

.46.22 

679,680 

3.60 

21.79 

7.38 

480.00 

47.54 

691,200 

3.73 

22.15 

7.63 

488.00 

49.12 

702,720 

3.85 

22.51 

7.88 

496.00 

50.41 

714,240 

3.98 

22.88 

8.14 

504.00 

52.09 

725,760 

4.11 

23.24 

8.40 

512.00 

53.74 

737,280 

4.24 

23.60 

8.66 

520.00 

55.42 

748,800 

4.37 

23.97 

8.93 

528.00 

57.17 

760,320 

4.51 

24.33 

9.20 

536.00 

58.90 

771,840 

4.65 

24.69 

9.48 

544.00 

60.27 

783,360 

4.79 

25.05 

9.76 

552.00 

62.04 

794,880 

4.93 

25.42 

10.05 

560.00 

63.89 

806,400 

5.07 

25.78 

10.33 

568.00 

65.30 

817,920 

5.22 

26.14 

10.62 

576.00 

67.14 

829,440 

5.36 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.       69 


DIAMETEE  THREE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
(Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

26.51 

10.93 

584.00 

69.05 

840,960 

5.52 

26.87 

11.22 

592.00 

70.94 

852,480 

5.67 

27.23 

11.53 

600.00 

72.85 

864,000 

5.82 

27.60 

11.84 

608.00 

74.37 

875,520 

5.98 

27.96 

12.15 

616.00 

76.32 

887,040 

6.14 

28.32 

12.47 

624.00 

78.30 

898,560 

6.30 

28.69 

12.80 

632.00 

79.85 

910,080 

6.46 

29.05 

13.12 

640.00 

81.87 

921,600 

6.63 

29.41 

13.45 

648.00 

83.91 

933,120 

6.79 

29.77 

13.78 

656.00 

85.97 

944,640 

6.96 

30.14 

14.12 

664.00 

88.12 

956,160 

7.13 

30.50 

14.46 

672.00 

90.24 

967,680 

7.30 

30.86 

14.81 

680.00 

92.39 

979,200 

7.48 

31.23 

15.16 

688.00 

94.61 

990,720 

7.66 

31.59 

15.51 

696.00 

96.19 

1,002,240 

7.83 

31.95 

15.87 

704.00 

98.39 

1,013,760 

8.01 

32.32 

16.24 

712.00 

100.68 

1,025,280 

8.20 

32.68 

16.60 

720.00 

102.94 

1,036,800 

8.38 

33.04 

16.97 

728.00 

105.22 

1,048,320 

8.57 

33.41 

17.35 

736.00 

107.59 

1,059,840 

8.76 

33.77 

17.73 

744.00 

109.21 

1,071,360 

8.95 

34.13 

18.11 

752.00 

111.55 

1,082,880 

9.15 

34.50 

18.50 

760.00 

113.98 

1,094,400 

9.34 

34.86 

18.89 

768.00 

116.38 

1,105,920 

9.54 

70       FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  THEEE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 

Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
inU.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

35.22 

19.28 

776.00 

118.79 

1,117,440 

9.74 

35.58 

19.68 

784.00 

121.23 

1,128,960 

9.94 

35.95 

20.09 

792.00 

123.77 

1,140,480 

10.15 

36.31 

20.50 

800.00 

126.26 

1,152,000 

10.35 

36.67 

20.90 

808.00 

128.77 

1,163,520 

10.56 

37.04 

21.33 

816.00 

131.39 

1,175,040 

10.77 

37.40 

21.75 

824.00 

133.95 

1,186,560 

10.98 

37.76 

22.17 

832.00 

135.66 

1,198,080 

11.19 

38.13 

22.60 

840.00 

138.33 

1,209,600 

11.41 

38.49 

23.03 

848.00 

140.95 

1,221,120 

11.63 

38.85 

23.46 

856.00 

142.66 

1,232,640 

11.85 

39.22 

23.91 

864.00 

145.39 

1,244,160 

12.08 

39.58 

24.35 

872.00 

148.08 

1,255,680 

12.30 

39.94 

24.80 

880.00 

150.78 

1,267,200 

12.52 

40.30 

25.25 

888.00 

153.51 

1,278,720 

12.75 

40.67 

25.71 

896.00 

156.34 

1,290,240 

12.99 

41.03 

26.17 

904.00 

159.12 

1,301,760 

13.22 

41.39 

26.63 

912.00 

161.93 

1,313,280 

13.45 

41.76 

27.11 

920.00 

164.84 

1,324,800 

13.69 

42.12 

27.58 

928.00 

167.69 

1,336,320 

13.93 

42.48 

28.05 

936.00 

170.57 

1,347,840 

14.17 

42.85 

28.54 

944.00 

172.41 

1,359,360 

14.42 

43.21 

29.03 

952.00 

175.32 

1,370,880 

14.66 

43.57 

29.51 

960.00 

178.25 

1,382,400 

14.90 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  SMOOTH  PIPES.        71 


DIAMETER  THREE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
100  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

43.94 

30.02 

968.00 

181.29 

1,393,920 

15.16 

44.30 

30.51 

976.00 

184.28 

1,405,440 

15.41 

44.66 

31.01 

984.00 

187.28 

1,416,960 

15.66 

45.03 

31.52 

992.00 

190.40 

1,428,480 

15.92 

45.39 

32.03 

1,000.00 

193.46 

1,440,000 

16.17 

45.75 

32.54 

1,008.00 

195.24 

1,451,520 

16.43 

46.11 

33.05 

1,016.00 

198.32 

1,463,040 

16.69 

46.48 

33.59 

1,024.00 

201.52 

1,474,560 

16.96 

46.84 

34.11 

1,032.00 

204.65 

1,486,080 

17.22 

47.20 

34.63 

1,040.00 

207.81 

1,497,600 

17.49 

47.57 

35.18 

1,048.00 

211.08 

1,509,120 

17.77 

47.93 

35.71 

1,056.00 

214.29 

1,520,640 

18.04 

48.29 

36.25 

1,064.00 

217.52 

1,532,160 

18.31 

48.66 

36.81 

1,072.00 

219.39 

1,543,680 

18.59 

49.02 

37.36 

1,080.00 

222.65 

1,555,200 

18.87 

49.38 

37.91 

1,088.00 

225.93 

1,566,720 

19.14 

49.75 

38.48 

1,096.00 

229.33 

1,578,240 

19.43 

50.11 

39.04 

1,104.00 

232.66 

1,589,760 

19.71 

Supplementary  Table  of  Theoretical  Velocities,  to  be  Used  in  Obtaining 
Results  Beyond  the  Highest  Limits  of  Table  No.  1. 


V 

w* 

2flr 

V 

V* 

20 

V2 
*, 

V 

V* 

*ff 

49.5 

38 

70.4 

77 

86.4 

116 

99.9 

155 

50.1 

39 

70.9 

78 

86.8 

117 

100.2 

156 

50.7 

40 

71.3 

79 

87.2 

118 

100.6 

157 

51.3 

41 

71.8 

80 

87.6 

119 

100.9 

158 

52.0 

42 

72.2 

81 

87.9 

120 

101.2 

159 

52.6 

43 

72.6 

82 

88.3 

121 

101.5 

160 

53.2 

44 

73.1 

83 

88.6 

122 

101.8 

161 

53.8 

45 

73.5 

84 

89.0 

123 

102.1 

162 

54.4 

46 

74.0 

85 

89.4 

124 

102.5 

163 

55.0 

47 

74.4 

86 

89.7 

125 

102.8 

164 

55.6 
56.2 
56.7 

48 
49 
50 

74.8 
75.3 

75.7 

87 
88 
89 

90.1 
90.4 
90.8 

126 
127 
128 

103.1 
103.4 
103.7 
104.0 

165 
166 
167 

168 

57.3 

51 

76.1 

90 

91.1 

129 

104!  3 

169 

57.8 

52 

76.5 

91 

91.5 

130 

104.6 

170 

58.4 

53 

76.9 

92 

91.8 

131 

104.9 

171 

59.0 

54 

77.4 

93 

92.2 

132 

105.3 

172 

59.5 

55 

77.8 

94 

92.5 

133 

105.6 

173 

60.0 

56 

78.2 

95 

92.9 

134 

105.9 

174 

60.6 

57 

78.6 

96 

93.2 

135 

106.2 

175 

61.1 

58 

79.0 

97 

93.6 

136 

114. 

200 

61.6 

59 

79.4 

98 

93.9 

137 

120. 

225 

62.1 

60 

79.8 

99 

94.3 

138 

126. 

250 

62.7 

61 

80.3 

100 

94.6 

139 

133. 

275 

63.2 

62 

80.6 

101 

95.0 

140 

139. 

300 

63.7 

63 

81.0 

102 

95.3 

141 

150. 

350 

64.2 

64 

81.4 

103 

95.6 

142 

160. 

400 

64.7 

65 

81.8 

104 

96.0 

143 

170. 

450 

65.2 

66 

82.2 

105 

96.3 

144 

179. 

500 

65.7 

67 

82.6 

106 

96.6 

145 

188. 

550 

66.2 

68 

83.0 

107 

97.0 

146 

197. 

600 

66.7 

69 

83.4 

108 

97.3 

147 

212. 

700 

67.1 

70 

83.8 

109 

97  6 

148 

227. 

800 

67.6 

71 

84.2 

110 

98.0 

149 

241. 

900 

68.1 

72 

84.5 

111 

98.3 

150 

254. 

1,000 

68.5 

73 

84.9 

112 

98.6 

151 

311. 

1,500 

69.0 

74 

85.3 

113 

98.9 

152 

359. 

2,000 

69.5 

75 

85.7 

114 

99.3 

153 

401. 

2,500 

69.9 

76 

86.1 

115 

99.6 

154 

440. 

3,000 

72 


75 


TABLE   No.  2, 

SHOWING  THE  LOSS   OP  HEAD   DUE   TO  THE  FRIC- 
TION OF  WATER  IN   PIPES 'HAVING  INTERIOR 
SIDES  SIMILAR  TO  NEW  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 

This  table  shows  the  Loss  of  Head  due  to  the 
Friction  of  Water  flowing  in  Pipes  having  In- 
terior Sides  similar  to  New  Cast-Iron  Pipes, 
under  different  conditions  of  Velocity  and  Dis- 
charge, or  the  Inclination  necessary  to  maintain 
the  given  Velocity  and  Discharge.  The  table 
also  gives  the  Head  required  to  produce  the 
given  Velocity,  and  the  Loss  of  Head  due  to 
the  Orifice  of  Influx. 

The  table  includes  pipes  of  4-inch,  6-inch, 
8-inch,  10-inch,  12-inch,  16-inch,  20-inch,  24- 
inch,  30-inch,  36-inch,  48-inch  and  60-inch  in 
diameter. 

The  mean  internal  diameter  of  the  pipe,  that 
each  page  of  the  table  refers  to,  is  given  at  the 
head  of  each  page. 


76      FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 

The  first  column  of  the  table  gives  the  mean 
velocity  in  feet  per  second,  of  the  water  flowing 
in  the  pipe. 

The  second  column  gives  the  head  required 
to  produce  the  velocity  in  the  first  column, 
calculated  by  the  laws  of  falling  bodies,  inde- 
pendent of  friction,  loss  of  head  due  to  influx, 
and  other  retarding  causes. 

The  third  column  gives  the  discharge  in  U.  S. 
gallons  per  minute,  and  the  fifth  column  the 
discharge  in  U.  S.  gallons  per  twenty-four  hours, 
when  the  water  is  flowing  in  the  pipe  with  the 
velocity  in  the  first  column. 

The  fourth  column  gives  the  loss  of  head,  or 
the  resistance,  per  1,000  feet,  arising  from  the 
friction  of  the  water  against  the  interior  sides 
of  the  pipe,  when  the  velocity  of  flow  is  the  same 
as  the  velocity  in  the  first  column,  and  the  dis- 
charge the  same  as  the  discharge  in  the  third 
and  fifth  columns.  This  loss  of  head  is  also 
equivalent  to  the  inclination,  or  slope,  on  which 
it  would  be  necessary  to  lay  the  pipe  in  order 
to  maintain  the  given  velocity  and  discharge. 
The  results  in  this  column  were  computed  by 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      77 

two  formulas,  of  H.  Darcy,  given  on  pages  254, 
258  and  368  of  his  work,  entitled,  Reclicrclws 
experimentales  relatives  au  mouvement  de  ljeau  dans 
les  tuyaux.  These  formulas  have  been  reduced 
to  English  measures,  under  the  folio  wing  forms: 

h=  I  0.017379  +  0.0015965  + 


0.0040723  +  0.000020816\  JL.^. 

~JT-  \\d  20 

. a         I 


h  =  (  0.0198920  4-  0.00166573  V  4'sr  • 
V  — — —  /  d  2g 

a 

In  which  h  =  the  loss  of  head  due  to  friction, 

in  feet. 
d  =  the  internal  diameter  of  the  pipe, 

in  feet. 

v  =  the  velocity  per  second,  in  feet. 
I  =  the  length  of  the  pipe,  in  feet. 
2g  =  64.324. 

The  first  formula  was  used  for  velocities   of 
flow  less   than   0.33   feet  per  second,  and  the 


78      FlilCTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 

second  formula,  which  is  generally  known  as 
"  Darcy's  Formula,"  for  velocities  of  flow  in- 
cluding and  exceeding  0.33  feet  per  second. 

When  the  mean  velocity,  discharge,  and  di- 
ameter of  the  pipe  are  constant,  the  loss  of  head 
due  to  friction  is  directly  and  simply  as  the 
length,  consequently  the  loss  of  head  due  to 
friction  for  any  length  of  pipe  can  be  readily 
determined  from  the  table. 

The  sixth  column  gives  the  loss  of  head  due 
to  the  entrance  of  the  water  into  the  pipe, 
with  the  velocity  in  the  first  column,  when  the 
edges  of  the  inlet  end  of  the  pipe  are  square 
and  flush  with  the  face  of  a  wall  or  partition. 
The  following  formula  was  used  in  calculating 
the  results  in  this  column  : 

v* 
Loss  of  head  due  to  influx  =  0.505  -^- . 

%g 

If  the  pipe  is  connected  with  a  reservoir,  in 
the  manner  mentioned  in  the  description  of  the 
sixth  column,  and  laid  below  the  hydraulic 
grade  line,  the  sum  of  the  results  given  in  the 
second,  fourth,  and  sixth  columns,  is  the  total 
head,  or  the  head  that  will  be  required  to  gene- 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.        79 

rate  the  velocity  in  the  first  column,  and  the 
discharge  in  the  third  and  fifth  columns. 

Although  the  table  has  been  computed  to 
such  limits  that,  by  the  use  o£  the  rule  relative  to 
the  length  of  the  pipe,  nearly  all  of  the  results 
that  will  generally  be  required  in  ordinary  prac- 
tice can  be  directly  obtained  from  the  table, 
it  is  possible  that  at  times  exceptional  cases 
will  arise  and  results  may  be  desired  which 
will  be  beyond  the  highest  limits  of  the  table. 
For  cases  of  this  kind  the  table  can  also  be 
used  by  the  application  of  the  following  rule : 
the  diameter  and  length  of  the  pipe  being  con- 
stant, the  loss  of  head  varies  as  the  square  of 
the  velocity  and  conversely  the  velocity  as  the 
square  root  of  the  loss  of  head.  Positive 
results  can  be  obtained  in  this  manner,  as  the 
coefficient  of  friction  included  in  the  formula 
used  in  computing  the  highest  losses  of  head 
due  to  friction  given  in  the  table,  is  simply 
dependent  upon  the  diameter  and  not  upon 
both  the  diameter  and  the  square  root  of  the  ve- 
locity as  in  Weston's  formula  for  very  smooth 
pipes,  that  was  used  in  computing  table  No.  1. 


80    FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 

Following  the  table  there  are  two  supple- 
mentary tables  :  A  and  B. 

Supplementary  table  A,  is  a  table  of  the- 
oretical velocities  which  is  to  be  used  in  con- 
junction with  the  table  when  the  results  desired 
are  beyond  the  highest  limits  of  the  results 
given  in  the  table. 

"  Supplementary  table  B,  has  been  given, 
mainly,  for  conveniently  computing  additional 
results,  if  it  should  be  desired,  for  the  different 
columns  of  the  table,  beyond  the  highest  results 
now  contained  in  the  table.  It  can  also  be  used 
for  obtaining  positive  results  for  all  velocities 
above  0.33  feet  per  second.  Two  ways  that  it 
can  be  used  advantageously  are  shown  in  ex- 
amples Nos.  4  and  5. 

The  loss  of  head  due  to  friction  per  1,000 
feet,  which  may  take  place  in  pipes  that  have 
been  in  service  five  or  more  years,  for  velocities 
above  0.33  feet  per  second,  can  be  very  approx- 
imately estimated,  for  preliminary  work,  by 
multiplying  the  loss  of  head  due  to  friction 
given  in  the  fourth  column  of  the  table  by  the 
following  multipliers,  which  were  computed  by  a 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      81 


modification  of  "  Darcy's  Formula"  by  the  author, 
in  which  a  formula  by  Darcy  for  old  pipes  and 
the  results  of  a  number  of  experiments  made 
with  pipes  that  had  been  in  service  from  about 
two  to  about  seventeen  years  were  taken  into 
consideration : 


Number 
of  Years  of 
Service  of 
the  Pipes. 

Multipliers. 

Number 
of  Years  of 
Service  of 
the  Pipes. 

Multipliers. 

5 

1.16 

55 

2.72 

10 

1.31 

60 

2.88 

15 

1.47 

65 

3.03 

20 

1.63 

70 

3.19 

25 

1.78 

75 

3.35 

30 

1.94 

80 

3.50 

35 

2.11 

85 

3.66 

40 

2.25 

90 

3.82 

45 

2.41 

95 

3.97 

50 

2.57 

ICO 

4.13 

In  using  the  table  when  other  lengths  of  pipe 
than  1,000  feet  are  to  be  taken  into  consider- 


82     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 

ation,  as  well  as  for  cases  when  the  results 
desired  are  beyond  the  highest  limits  of  the 
table,  it  will  probably  be  necessary,  in  some 
instances,  especially  for  a  person  who  is  not  in 
the  habit  of  making  hydraulic  calculations,  to 
make  several  trials  before  the  correct  result  is 
obtained.  A  little  practice,  however,  will  per- 
ceivably  facilitate  the  use  of  the  table. 

The  following  examples  illustrate  a  number 
of  ways  in  which  the  information  contained  in 
the  table  can  be  applied  for  obtaining  results 
which  are  not  given  in  the  table : 

EXAMPLE  No.  1. 

Question.  What  size  of  pipe  will  be  required 
to  furnish  a  district  with  38,000,000  gallons  of 
water  per  24  hours,  under  150  feet  head  j  the 
point  of  delivery  being  located  50,000  feet  from 
the  resevoir  which  will  supply  the  water,  and  its 
elevation  173  feet  below  the  water  line  of  the 
same! 

Answer.  The  loss  of  head  in  this  case  must 
not  exceed  173  —  150  =  23  feet.  The  table 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     83 

shows  that  two  48-inch  pipe  will  deliver  the 
amount  of  water  required  with  a  loss  of  head 
of  21.63  feet,  viz. :  The  friction  head  shown  in 
the  table  for  a  48-inch  pipe  1,000  feet  long 
corresponding  to  a  discharge  of  38,000,000  gal- 
lons +  2  =  19,000,000  gallons,  is  0.43  feet,  and 
for  a  length  of  50,000  feet  =  21.50  feet,  21.50  + 

/  0.09  =  £-  }  +  (  0.04  =  0.505  -£-  )  =  21.63 
V  *g  /.  -:\  &g  / 

feet.  Four  36-inch  pipe  will  also  deliver  this 
amount  with  a  loss  of  head  of  23.10  feet,  viz. : 
The  friction  head  shown  in  the  table  for  a  36- 
inch  pipe  1,000  feet  long  corresponding  to  a  dis- 
charge of  38,000,000  gallons  -r-  4  =  9,500,000  gal- 
lons, is  0.46  feet,  and  for  a  length  of  50,000  feet  = 

23.00  feet,     23.00  +  (  0.07  ==  -|^-)  +  (  0.03  = 
0.505  ^-}  =  23.10  feet. 


EXAMPLE  No.  2. 

Question.    What  will  be  the  discharge  from  a 
reservoir,  in  gallons   per  minute,  through  a  4- 


84     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 

inch  pipe  1,800  feet  long,  under  a  total  head  of 
150  feet? 

Answer.     The   ratio   of    the   length   used  in 

computing  the  table  to  the  given  length,  -  — ,  = 

1  oOO 

0.56,  0.56  X  150  =  84  feet ;  the  discharge  of 
a  4-inch  pipe  corresponding  to  a  friction  head 
of  82.40  feet,  which  is  the  nearest  to  84  feet,  is 
330  gallons  per  minute ;  the  inverse  ratio  of  the 


lengths,  =^,  =  1.8,     1.8  X  82.40  =  148.32  feet, 

148.32  +  (  1.10  —  0  +  (  0.50  =  0.505  ~  \  = 

149.98  feet.  Therefore  a  4-inch  pipe  1,800  feet 
long,  under  a  total  head  of  149.98  feet,  will  dis- 
charge 330  gallons  per  minute. 

EXAMPLE  No.  3. 

Question.  What  will  be  the  discharge  from  a 
reservoir,  in  gallons  per  minute,  through  a  4- 
inch  pipe  500  feet  long,  under  a  total  head  of 
150  feet? 

Answer.     The   ratio   of   the   length    used  in 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     85 

1000 

computing  the  table,  to  the  given  length,          ,  = 

2,  2  x  150  =  300  feet  ;  the  discharge  of  a  4. 
inch  pipe  corresponding  to  a  friction  head  of 
300.32  feet,  which  is  the  nearest  to  300  feet,  is 
630  gallons  per  minute  ;  the  inverse  ratio  of 


the  lengths,  =0.5,     0.5x300.32  =  150.16 

luUU? 

feet,   150.16  +  (4.02:=^  \  +  (  2.03=0.505^ 

=  a  total  head  of  156.21  feet.  This  total  head 
is  too  large,  however,  (156.21  —  150  =  6.21). 
For  a  second  trial  take  the  friction  head 
the  next  lower  in  the  table,  290.86  feet,  which 
corresponds  to  a  discharge  of  620  gallons  per 

^00 

minute,     -~  ,  =  0.5,     0.5  x  290.86  =  145.43, 
1UUU 

145.43  +  (  3.90  =  -£-)  -f  (  1.97  =  0.505  ~ 
\  2g  /        V  2g 

=  151.30  feet.  Therefore  a  4-inch  pipe  500 
feet  long,  under  a  total  head  of  151.30  feet, 
will  discharge  620  gallon  per  minute. 


86     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


EXAMPLE  No.  4. 

Question.  What  will  be  the  total  head  re- 
quired to  cause  water  to  flow  from  a  reservoir, 
at  a  rate  of  20,000,000  gallons  per  24  hours, 
through  a  16-inch  pipe  1,000  feet  long! 

Answer.  The  largest  discharge  given  in  the  table 
for  a  16-inch  pipe  is  8,064,000  gallons  per  24  hours, 
and  the  velocity  opposite  to  this  discharge  —  8.94 
feet.  The  velocity  corresponding  to  a  discharge 


of  20,000,000  gallons  = 


20,000,000 
feet,  or  by  supplementary  table  13,  14.4.0  — 


=  13,889  gallons  per  minute,  ---  22.16. 


The  friction  head  given  in  the  table  opposite  to 
a  velocity  of  8.94  and  a  discharge  of  8,064,000  = 
19.69  feet.  The  friction  head  due  to  a  velocity 

22  172 
of  22.17  =  —--  X  19.69  =  121.09  feet,    or  by 


supplementary  table  B,  =  13,889 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      87 


gallons  per  minute,        '  ^  •=  v,    v*  X  0.24649  = 

U^O.  I  U 

121.06. 

v*        v* 
-~  —  |-  -~—  X  0.505  given  in  the  table  opposite 

to    a    velocity    of    8.94    and    a   discharge    of 
8,064,000   (1.24  +  0.63)  =  1.87  feet,        1.87  x 

22  172 

2  =11.50  feet,    or  by  supplementary  table 

O.cTT 

20  000  000 
B,  -   =  13,889  gallons  per  minute, 


0  =  v,   v*x  (0.01555  +  0.007851)  =11.49. 

Therefore  the  total  head  required  is  121.09  + 
11.50  =132.59  feet. 


EXAMPLE  No.  5. 

Question.  What  will  be  the  total  head  re- 
quired to  cause  water  to  flow  from  a  reservoir, 
at  a  rate  of  40,000,000  gallons  per  24  hours, 
through  a  36-inch  pipe  50,000  feet  long  ? 

Answer.  The  largest  discharge  given  in  the 
table  for  a  36-inch  pipe  is  28,800,000  gallons  per 


88     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 

24  hours,  and  the  velocity  opposite  to  this  dis- 
charge =  6.30  feet.  The  velocity  correspond- 
ing to  a  discharge  of  40,000,000  gallons  — 

40,000,000 

28^00^00  X  6.30  =  8.76  feet,     or   by    supple- 

mentary  table  B,     — ^rj~ —  =  27,778  gallons 


27,778 
per  minute,  =8.76. 


The  friction  head  given  in  the  table  opposite 
to  a  velocity  of  6.30  and  a  discharge  of 
28,800,000  =  4.21  feet.  The  friction  head 
for  a  length  of  1,000  feet,  due  to  a  velocity 

Q   a/?2 

pf  8.76  =  ^5-    x   4.21  =  8.13    feet,     or     by 
u.oU 

supplementary    table  B,      ^'^ffi00  =  27,778 

27  778 
gallons  per  minute,     •       '        =  v,      v*  X  0.10597 

=  8.13.  The  friction  head  for  a  length  of 
50,000  feet,  is  the  inverse  ratio  of  the  length 
used  in  computing  the  table  to  the  given  length 

multiplied  by  the  friction  head  for  a  length  of 

^0  000 
1,000  feet,  =  ^r^h  X8.13  =  406.50  feet. 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     89 

tf  v* 

— — h  o-  X  0.505  given  in  the  table  opposite  to 

if  & 

a  velocity  of  6.30  and  a  discharge  of  28,800,000 
(0.62  +  0.31)  =  0.93  feet,     0.93  x|^*   =  1.80 


40,000,000 
feet,  or  by  supplementary  table  B,         '-14.4.0 — 

27  778 
27,778  gallons  per  minute,     01 70  fio  ~  v>    v*  x 

(0.01555  +  0.007851)  =-1.80. 

Therefore    the  total  head  required  is  406.50 
+  1.80  =  408.30  feet. 


EXAMPLE  No.  6. 

Question.  What  will  be  the  discharge  from  a 
reservoir,  in  gallons  per  minute,  through  a  12- 
inch  pipe  1,000  feet  long  under  a  total  head  of 
200  feet? 

Answer.  The  friction  head  given  in  the  table, 
for  a  12-inch  pipe,  opposite  to  the  velocity  of  10 
feet  is  33.56  feet,  and  the  total  head,  33.56,  + 


~  +  ~~  x  a505  =  2>35>  =  35<91  f  eet*  As  a 


90     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 

total  head  of  35.91  feet  will  produce  a  velocity 
of  10  feet,  assume  20  feet  as  the  increased 
velocity  which  would  be  produced  by  200  feet, 
the  given  total  head.  The  supplementary  table 

v* 

of    theoretical    velocities    A.    shows    that   -^j— 

% 

v2 
for  a  velocity  of  20  is  6.2  feet  and  -~-  X  0.505  = 

3.13  feet,  6.2  +  3.13  =  9.33  feet,  200—9.33= 
190.67  feet,  which  is  to  be  used  as  an  assumed 
friction  head  ;  the  square  root  of  the  assumed 
friction  head  190.67  divided  by  the  square  root 
of  33.56,  the  friction  head  taken  from  the  table, 
corresponding  to  10,  the  highest  velocity,  — 

•iq  01 

i,  =  2.39,     2.39x10  (the  velocity  from  the 


table),  =  23.9  feet,  which  is  the  resultant  veloc- 

v*        v* 

ity,     9-+  o-X  0.505  for  a  velocity  of  23.9,  is 
^9       -9 

found  by  the  aid  of  the  supplementary  table  of 
theoretical  velocities  A,  to  be  13.39  feet,  13.39 
+  190.67  (the  assumed  friction  head  for  a 
velocity  of  20  feet),  =  a  total  head  of  204.06 
feet.  If  the  assumed  velocity  had  been  the 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     91 

actual  velocity  this  204.06  would  have  been  equal 
to  200  the  given  total  head,  and  the  resultant 
velocity  23.9  the  same  as  20,  the  assumed 
velocity,  and  as  their  differences  are  so  great 
(204.06—200=4.06  and  23.9—20  =  3.9),  it  will 
be  necessary  to  make,  at  least,  one  more  trial. 

For  the  second  trial  assume  a  velocity  of  23.5 
feet.     The  supplementary  table   of  theoretical 

v'2        v* 
velocities  A,  shows  that  -~ — |-  -~—  X  0.505  for  a 

velocity  of  23.5  is  12.94  feet,  200  —  12.94  = 
187.06  feet;  the  square  root  of  the  assumed 
friction  head  187.06  divided  by  the  square  root 
of  33.56,  the  friction  head  taken  from  the  table 
corresponding  to  10,  the  highest  velocity,  = 

-F-^r-=2.36,  2.36x10  (the  velocity  from  the 
o.  i  y 

table),  =  23.6  feet  which  is  the  resultant  velocity, 

v*        v9 
•o-  +  o-  X  0.505  for  a  velocity  of  23.6  is  found 

by  the  aid  of  the  supplementary  table  of  the- 
oretical velocities  A,  to  be  13.09  feet,  13.09  + 
187.06  (the  assumed  friction  head  for  a  velocity 
of  23.5  feet),  =  a  total  head  of  200.15  feet. 


92    FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 

This  result  is  sufficiently  near  as  the  total  heads 
check  to  within  0.15  foot  (200.15  —  200)  and 
the  velocities  to  within  0.1  feet  (23.6  —  23.5). 
To  obtain  the  discharge  in  gallons  per  minute, 
multiply  3,525  (the  gallons  per  minute  given  in 
the  table  corresponding  to  a  velocity  of  10),  by 
2.36  (the  ratio  of  the  square  roots  of  the  friction 
heads),  3,525x2.36  =  8,319  gallons.  There- 
fore a  12-inch  pipe  1,000  feet  long,  under  a 
total  head  of  200  feet  will  discharge  about 
8,319  gallons  per  minute. 

EXAMPLE  No.  7. 

Question.  What  will  be  the  discharge  from  a 
reservoir,  in  gallons  per  minute,  through  a  12- 
inch  pipe  100  feet  long,  under  a  total  head  of 
50  feet! 

Answer.  The  inverse  ratio  of  the  length  used 
in  computing  the  table  to  the  given  length, 

100 
— — -,  =  0.10,     33.56  feet  is  the  friction  head 

given  in  the  table,  for  a  12-inch  pipe,  opposite 
to  the  velocity  of  10  feet,  33.56x0.10  ==  3.36 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      93 

feet,  the  friction  head  in  a  pipe  100  feet  long 
corresponding  to  a  velocity  of  10  feet,  and  the 

total  head,  3.36  +  (£-  +-|^  x  0.505  =  \  2.35,= 

y  J  ' 

5.71  feet.  As  a  total  head  of  5.71  feet  will 
produce  a  velocity  of  10  feet,  assume  28  feet  as 
the  increased  velocity  which  would  be  produced 
by  50  feet,  the  given  total  head.  The  supple- 
mentary table  of  theoretical  velocities  A,  shows 

tf 
that  -~-  for  a  velocity  of  28  is  12.2  feet  and 

-£-  x  0.505  =  6.16  feet,  12.2  +  6.16—18.36  feet, 
~9 

50  —  18.36=31.64  feet,  which  is  to  be  used  as  an 
assumed  friction  head  j   31.64  multiplied  by  the 

1  000 

ratio  of  the  lengths,  -^r,  =  10,  =  316.4  feet; 


the  square  root  of  the  assumed  friction  head  316.4 
divided  by  the  square  root  of  33.56,  the  friction 
head  taken  from  the  table  corresponding  to  10, 

17  70 

the  highest  velocity,  =  r~~=  3.07,     3.07x10 
o.  i  j 

(the  velocity  from  the  table),  =  30.7  feet  which 
is  the  resultant  velocity.  —  T  -4--^-  X  0.505  for 


94      FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 

a  velocity  of  30.7  is  found  by  the  aid  of  the 
supplementary  table  of  theoretical  velocities  A, 
to  be  22.12  feet,  22.12  +  31.64  (the  assumed 
friction  head  for  a  velocity  of  28  feet  in  a  pipe 
100  feet  long),  =  a  total  head  of  53.76  feet. 
If  the  assumed  velocity  had  been  the  actual 
velocity,  this  53.76  would  have  been  equal  to 
50  the  given  total  head,  and  the  resultant  veloc- 
ity 30.7  the  same  as  the  assumed  velocity  28, 
and  as  their  differences  are  so  great  (53.76  — 
50  =  3.76  and  30.7  —  28,  =  2.7),  it  will  be 
necessary  to  make,  at  least,  one  more  trial. 

For  the  second  trial  assume   a  velocity  of 
29.5  feet.     The    supplementary  table   of    the- 

fo  1)^ 

oretical  velocities  A.  shows  that  -^r-  +-~-X  0.505 

2#       2g 

for  a  velocity  of  29.5  is  20.32  feet,    50  —  20.32 

1000 
=  29.68  feet,     29.68  X  -=^  ,  =  296.8  feet  ;  the 


square  root  of  the  assumed  friction  head  296.8 
divided  by  the  square  root  of  33.56,  the  friction 
head  taken  from  the  table  corresponding  to  10, 


the  highest  velocity,  =  4^  =  2.98,    2.98  X  10 
o.  /  y 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      95 

(the  velocity  from  the  table),  =  29.8  feet,  which 

V*  V* 

is  the  resultant  velocity,     •«-  +  •«-  X  0.505  for 

*9       ty 

a  velocity  of  29.8  is  found  by  the  aid  of  the 
supplementary  table  of  theoretical  velocities  A, 
to  be  20.77  feet,  20.77  +  29.68  (the  assumed 
friction  head  for  a  velocity  of  29.5  feet  in  a 
pipe  100  feet  long),  =  a  total  head  of  50.45 
feet.  This  result  is  sufficiently  near  as  the 
total  heads  check  to  within  0.45  foot  (50.45  — 
50)  and  the  velocities  to  within  0.3  feet  (29.8  — 
29.5).  To  obtain  the  discharge  in  gallons  per 
minute,  multiply  3,525  (the  gallons  per  minute 
given  in  the  table  corresponding  to  a  velocity 
of  10),  by  2.98  (the  ratio  of  the  square  roots  of 
the  friction  heads),  3,525  x  2.98  =  10,505  gal- 
lons. Therefore  a  12-inch  pipe  100  feet  long, 
under  a  total  heacf  of  50  feet,  will  discharge 
about  10,505  gallons  per  minute. 


FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     97 


DIAMETEE  TOUK  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 

Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
inU.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.26 

0.00 

10 

0.12. 

14,400 

0.00 

0.51 

0.00 

20 

0.30 

28,800 

0.00 

0.77 

0.01 

30 

0.68 

43,200 

0.00 

1.02 

0.02 

40 

1.21 

57,600 

0.01 

1.28 

0.03 

50 

1.89 

72,000         0.01 

1.53 

0.04 

60 

2.72 

86,400 

0.02 

1.79 

0.05 

70 

3.71 

100,800 

0.03 

2.04 

0.06 

80 

4.84 

115,200 

0.03 

2.30 

0.08 

90 

6.13 

129,600 

0.04 

2.55 

0.10 

100 

7.57 

144,000 

0.05 

2.81 

0.12 

110 

9.16 

158,400 

0.06 

3.06 

0.15 

120 

10.90 

172,800 

0.07 

3.32 

0.17 

130 

12.79 

187,200 

0.09 

3.57 

0.20 

140 

14.83 

201,600 

0.10 

3.83 

0.23 

150 

17.02 

216,000 

0.12 

4.09 

0.26 

160 

19.37 

230,400 

0.13 

4.34 

0.29 

170 

21.87 

244,800 

0.15 

4.60 

033 

180 

24.52 

259,200 

0.17 

4.85 

0.37 

190 

27.32 

273,600 

0.18 

5.11 

0.41 

200 

30.27 

288,000 

0.20 

5.36 

0.45 

210 

33.37 

302,400 

0.23 

5.62 

0.49 

220 

36.62 

316,800 

0.25 

5.87 

0.54 

230 

40.03 

331,200 

0.27 

6.13 

0.58 

240 

43.58 

345,600 

0.29 

98     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  TOUE  INGE. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 

this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 

24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

6.38 

0.63 

250           47.29 

360,000 

0.32 

6.64 

0.69 

260 

51.15 

374,400  . 

0.35 

6.89 

0.74 

270 

55.16 

388,800 

0.37 

7.15 

0.79 

280 

59.32 

403,200 

0.40 

7.40 

0.85 

290 

63.63 

417,600 

0.43 

7.66 

0.91 

300 

68.10 

432,000 

0.46 

7.91 

0.97 

310 

72.71 

446,400 

0.49 

8.17 

1.04 

320 

77.48 

460,800 

0.52 

8.43 

1.10 

330 

82.40 

475,200 

0.56 

8.68 

1.17 

340 

87.47 

489,600 

0.59 

8.94 

1.24 

350 

92.69 

504,000 

0.63 

9.19 

1.31 

360 

98.06 

518,400 

0.66 

9.45 

1.39 

370 

103.59 

532,800 

0.70 

9.70 

1.46 

380 

109.26 

547,200 

0.74 

9.96 

1.54 

390 

115.09 

561,600 

0.78 

10.21 

1.62 

400 

121.06 

576,000 

0.82 

10.47 

1.70 

410 

127.19 

590,400 

0.86 

10.72 

1.79 

420 

133.47 

604,800 

0.90 

10.98 

1.87 

430 

139.90 

619,200 

0.95 

11.23 

1.96 

440 

146.49 

633,600 

0.99 

11.49 

2.05 

450 

153.22 

648,000 

1.04 

11.74 

2.14 

460 

160.11 

662,400 

1.08 

12.00. 

2.24 

470 

167.14 

676,800 

1.13 

12.26 

2.33 

480 

174.33 

691,200 

1.18 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     99 


DIAMETEE  TOUK  INCH. 


>.oaii 
Veloc.tv 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  s. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 

Orifice  of 
Influx. 

12.51 

2.43 

490 

181.67 

705,600        1.23 

12.77 

2.53          500 

189.16 

720,000        1.28 

13.02 

2.64          510 

196.80          734,400       1.33 

13.28 

2.74          520 

204.61 

748,800  !     L3s 

13.53 

2.85 

530 

212.54 

763,200       1.44 

13.79 

2.96          540 

220.64 

777,600       1.49 

14.04          3.07          550 

228.89 

792,000 

1.55 

14.30 

3.18          560         237.29 

806,400 

1.60 

14.55          3.29          570         245.84 

820,800 

1.66 

14.81 

3.41          580         254.54 

835,200 

1.72 

15.06          3.53          590      !  263.39          849,600 

1.78 

15.32 

3.65          600 

272.39          H64,000 

1.84 

15.57 

3.77          610 

281.55          878,400 

1.90 

15.83 

3.90          620 

290.86 

892,800 

1.97 

16.08 

4.02           630         300.32 

907,200 

2.03 

16.34 

4.15           640 

309.92          921,600 

2.10 

16.60 

4.28           650 

319.68          1)36,000 

2.16 

16.85 

4.41           (',60 

329.  (JO          950,400 

2.23 

17.11 

4.55           670 

339.66          964,800 

2.30 

17.36 

4.69           (ISO 

349.SS          979,200 

•2.  37 

17.62 

4.82 

C»9()         360.24          993,600 

2.44 

17.87 

4.97 

700 

370.76 

1,008,000 

2.51 

18.13 

5.11           710         381.43 

1,022,400 

2.r>s 

18.38          5.25          720         392.25 

1,036,800 

2.r.~> 

100  FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  TOUE  INCH, 


Mean 

Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second, 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity., 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 

Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

18.04 

5.40 

730 

403.22 

1,051,200 

2.73 

18.89 

5.55 

740 

414.34 

1,065,600 

2.80 

19.15 

5.70 

750 

425.62 

1,080,000 

2.88 

19.40 

5.85 

760 

437.04 

1,094,400 

2.96 

19.66 

6.01 

770 

448.62 

1,108,800 

3.03 

19.91 

6.17 

780 

460.35 

1,123,200 

3.11 

20.17 

6.32 

790 

472.23 

1,137,600 

3.19 

20.43 

6.49 

800 

484.26 

1,152,000 

3.28 

20.68 

6.65 

810 

496.44 

1,166,400 

3.36 

20.94 

6.81 

820 

508.77 

1,180,800 

3.44 

21.19 

6.98 

830 

521.26 

1,195,200 

3.53 

21.45 

7.15 

840 

533.89 

1,209,600 

3.61 

21.70 

7.32 

850 

546.68 

1,224,000 

3.70 

21.96 

7.49 

860 

559.62 

1,238,400 

3.78 

22.21 

7.67 

870 

572.71 

1,252,800 

3.87 

22.47 

7.85 

880 

585.95 

1,267,200 

3.96 

22.72 

8.03 

890 

599.34 

1,281,600 

4.05 

22.98 

8.21 

900 

612.89 

1,296,000 

4.15 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.   101 


DIAMETEE  SIX  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 

this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.28 

0.00 

25 

0.09 

36,000 

0.00 

0.57 

0.00 

50 

0.23 

72,000 

0.00 

0.85 

0.01 

75 

0.52 

108,000 

0.01 

1.13 

0.02 

100 

0.93 

144,000 

0.01 

1.42 

0.03 

125 

1.45 

180,000 

0.02 

1.70 
1.99 

0.04 
0.06 

150 
175 

2.09 

2.85 

216,000 
252,000 

0.02 
0.03 

2.27 

0.08 

200 

3.72 

288,000 

0.04 

2.55 

0.10 

225 

4.70 

324,000 

0.05 

2.84 

0.12 

250 

5.81 

360,000 

0.06 

3.12 

0.15 

275 

7.03         396,000 

0.08 

3.40 

0.18 

300 

8.36    !    432,000 

0.09 

3.69 

0.21 

325 

9.82    !    468,000 

0.11 

3.97 

0.24 

350 

11.38    i    504,000 

0.12 

4.25 

0.28 

375 

13.07        540,000 

0.14 

4.54 

0.32 

400 

14.87. 

576,000 

0.16 

4.82 

0.36 

425 

16.79        612,000 

0.18 

5.11 

0.41 

450 

18.82 

648,000 

0.21 

5*39 

0.45 

475 

20.97 

684,000         0.23 

5.67 

0.50 

500         23.23 

720,000         0.25 

5.96 

0.55 

525         25.62        756,000         0.28 

6.24 

0.61 

550         28.11         792,000         0.31 

6.52 

0.66 

575          30.73         828,  <H)0          0.34 

6.81 

0.72 

600          33.4(1         864,000          0.:>6 

102  FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  SIX  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

7.09 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  h. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 

24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  ii* 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.78 

625 

36.30 

900,000 

0.40 

7.37 

0.85 

650 

39.26 

936,000 

0.43 

7.66 

0.91 

675 

42.34 

972,000 

0.46 

7.94 

0.98 

700 

45.54 

1,008,000 

0.50 

8.23 

1.05 

725 

48.85 

1,044,000 

0.53 

8.51 

1.13 

750 

52.27 

1,080,000 

0.57 

8.79 

1.20 

775    !     55.82 

1,116,000 

0.61 

9.08 

1.28 

800 

59.48 

1,152,000 

0.65 

9.36 

1.36             825 

63.25 

1,188,000 

0.69 

9.64 

1.45 

850 

67.14 

1,224,000 

0.73 

9.93 

1.53 

875 

71.15 

1,260,000 

0.77 

10.21 

1.62 

900 

75.28 

1,296,000 

0.82 

10.49 

1.71 

925 

79.52 

1,332,000 

0.87 

10.78 

1.81 

950 

83.87 

1,368,000 

0.91 

11.06 

1.90 

975 

88.35 

1,404,000 

0.96 

11.35 
11.63 

2.00 
2.10 

1,000 
1,025 

92.93 
97.64 

1,440,000 
1,476,000 

1.01 
1.06 

11.91 

2.21 

1,050 

102.46 

1,512,000 

1.12 

12.20 

2.31 

1,075 

107.40 

1,548,000 

1.17 

12.48 

2.42 

1,100 

112.45 

1,584,000 

1.22 

12.76 

2.53 

1,125 

117.62 

1,620,000 

1.28 

13.05 

2.65 

1,150 

122.90 

1,656,000       1.34 

13.33 

2.76 

1,175 

128.31 

1,692,000 

1.40 

13.61 

2.88 

1,200 

133.82 

1,728,000 

1.46 

FRICTION  OP  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.    103 

DIAMETEK  SIX  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 

per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  H. 
Gallons 
per     • 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 

1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

13.90 

3.00 

1,225 

139.46 

1,764,000 

1.52 

14.18 

3.13 

1,250 

145.'21 

1,800,000 

1.58 

14.47 

3.25 

1,275 

151.08 

1,836,000 

1.65 

14.75 

3.38 

1,300 

157.06 

1,872,000 

1.71 

15.03 

3.51 

1,325 

163.16 

1,908,000 

1.78 

15.32 

3.65 

1,350 

169.37 

1,944,000 

1.84 

15.60 

3.78 

1,375 

175.70 

1,980,000 

1.91, 

15.88 

3.92 

1,400 

182.15 

2,016,000 

1.98; 

16.17 

4.06 

1,425 

188.71 

2,052,000 

2.05 

16.45 

4.22 

1,450 

195.39 

2,088,000 

2.13 

16.73 

4.35 

1,475 

202.19 

2,124,000 

2.20 

17.02 

4.50 

1,500 

209.10 

2,160,000 

2.27 

17.30 

4.65 

1,525 

216.13 

2,196,000 

2.35 

17.59 

4.81 

1,550 

223.  27 

2,232,000 

2.43 

17.87 

4.96 

1,575 

230.53 

2,268,000 

2.51 

18.15 

5.12 

1,600 

237.91 

2,304,000 

2.59 

18.44 

5.28 

1,625 

245.40 

2,340,000 

2.67 

18.72 

5.45 

1,650 

253.01 

2,376,000 

2.75 

19.00 

5.61 

1,675 

260.74 

2,412,000 

2.84 

19.29 

5.78 

1,700 

268.58 

2,448,000 

2.92 

19.57 

5.95 

1,725 

276.54 

2,484,000 

3.01 

19.85 

6  13 

1,750 

284.61 

2,520,000 

3.09 

20.14 

6.31 

1,775 

292.80 

2,556,000 

3.18 

20.42 

6.48 

1,800 

301.10 

2,592,000 

3.27 

104  FRICTION  OP  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  SIX  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 

in  U.  S. 
Gallons 

Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

20.71 

6.66 

1,825 

309.53 

2,628,000 

3.37 

20.99 

6.85 

1,850 

318.07      2,664,000 

3.46 

21.27 

7.04 

1,875 

326.72      2,700,000 

3.55 

21.56 

7.22 

1,900 

335.49      2,736,000 

3.65 

21.84 

7.42 

1,9-25    !    344.38      2,772,000 

3.74 

22.12 

7.61 

1,950        353.38  i  2,808,000 

3.84 

22.41 

7.81 

1,975       362.50 

2,844,000 

3.94 

22.69 

8.00 

2,000    1    371.73 

2,880,000 

4.04 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      105 


DIAMETER  EIGHT  INCH. 


IViean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orilice  of 
Influx. 

0.16 

0.00 

25 

0.03 

36,000 

0.00 

0.32 

0.00 

50 

0.08 

72,000 

0.00 

0.48 

0.00 

75 

0.12 

108,000 

0.00 

0.64 

0.01 

100 

0.21 

144,000 

0.00 

0.80 

0.01 

125 

0.33 

180,000 

0.00 

0.96 

0.01 

150 

0.48 

216,000 

0.01 

1.12 

0.02 

175 

0.65 

252,000 

0.01 

1.28 

0.02 

200 

0.85 

288,000 

0.01 

1.44 

0.03 

225 

1.08 

324,000 

0.02 

1.60 

0.04 

250 

1.33 

.   360,000 

0.02 

1.76 

0.05 

275 

1.61 

396,000 

0.02 

1.91 

0.06 

300 

1.92 

432,000 

0.03 

2.07 

0.07 

325 

2.25 

468,000 

0.03 

2.23 

0.08 

350 

2.61 

504,000 

0.04 

2.39 

0.09 

375 

2.99 

540,000 

0.05 

2.55 

0.10 

400 

3.40 

576,000 

0.05 

2.71 

0.11 

425 

3.84 

612,000 

0.00 

2.87 

0.13 

450 

4.31 

648,000 

0.06 

3.03 

0.14 

475 

4.80 

684,000 

0.07 

3.19 

0.16 

500 

5.32 

720,000 

0.08 

3.35 

0.17 

525 

5.86 

756,000 

0.09 

3.51 

0.19 

550 

6.44 

792,000 

0.10 

3.67 

0.21 

575 

7.03 

828,000 

0.11 

3.83 

0.23 

600 

7.66 

864,000 

0.12 

106     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  OAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  EIGHT  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
pro  luce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  s. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
10UO  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

3.99 

0.25 

625 

8.31 

900,000 

0.13 

4.15 

0.27 

650 

8.99 

936,000 

0.14 

4.31 

0.29 

675 

9.69 

972,000 

0.15 

4.47 

0.31 

700 

10.42 

1,008,000 

0.16 

4.63 

0.33 

725 

11.18 

1,044,000 

0.17 

4.79 

0.36 

750 

11.97 

1,080,000 

0.18 

4.95 

0.38 

775 

12.78 

1,116,000 

0.19 

5.11 

0.41 

800 

13.61 

1,152,000 

0.20 

5.27 

0.43 

825 

14.48 

1,188,000 

0.22 

5.43 

0.46 

850 

15.37 

1,224,000 

0.23 

5.58 

0.49 

875 

16.29 

1,260,000 

0.25 

5.74 

0.51 

900 

17.23 

1,296,000 

0.2C 

5.90 

0.54 

925 

18.20 

1,332,000 

0.27 

6.06 

0.57 

950 

19.20 

1,368,000 

0.29 

6.22 

0.60 

975 

20.22 

1,404,000 

0.30 

6.38 

0.63 

1,000 

21.27 

1,440,000 

0.32 

6.54 

0.67 

1,025 

22.35 

1,476,000 

0.34 

6.70 

0.70 

1,050 

23.45 

1,512,000 

0.35 

6.86 

0.73 

1,075 

24.58 

1,548,000 

0.37 

7.02 

0.77 

1,100 

25.74 

1,584,000 

0.39 

7.18 

0.80 

1,125 

26.92 

1,620,000 

0.41 

7.34 

0.84 

1,150 

28.13 

1,656,000 

0.42 

7.50 

0.87 

1,175 

29.37 

1,692,000 

0.44 

7,66 

0.91 

1,200 

30.63 

1,728,000 

0.46 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     107 


DIAMETEK  EIGHT  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 

this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  clue 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

7.82 

0.95 

1,225 

31.02 

1,764,000 

0.48 

7.98 

0.99 

1,250 

33.24 

1,800,000 

0.50 

8.14 

1.03 

1,275 

34.58 

1,836,000 

0.52 

8.30 

1.07 

1,300 

35.95 

1,872,000 

0.54 

8.46 

1.11 

1,325 

37.34 

1,908,000 

0.56 

8.62 

1.15 

1,350 

38.77 

1,944,000       0.58 

8.78 

1.20 

1,375 

40.22 

1,980,000  f    0.61 

8.94 

1.24 

1,400 

41.69 

2,016,000       0.63 

9.10 

1.29 

1,425 

43.19 

2,052,000 

0.65 

9.26 

1.33 

1,450 

44.72 

2,088,000 

0.67 

9.41 

1.38 

1,475 

46.28 

2,124,000 

0.70 

9.57 

1.43 

1,500 

47.86 

2,160,000 

0.72 

9.73 

1.47 

1,525 

49.47 

2,196,000 

0.74 

9.89 

1.52 

1,550 

51.10 

2,232,000 

0.77 

10.05 

1.57 

1,575 

52.77 

2,268,000 

0.79 

10.21 

1.62 

1,600 

54.45 

2,304,000 

0.82 

10,37 

1.67 

1,625 

56.17 

2,340,000 

0.85 

10.53 

1.72 

1,650 

57.91 

2,376,000 

0.87 

10.69 

1.78 

1,675 

59.68 

2,412,000 

0.90 

10.85 

1.83 

1,700 

61.47 

2,448,000 

0.93 

11.01 

1.88 

1,725 

63.29 

2,484,000 

0.95 

11.17 

1.94 

1,750 

65.14 

2,520,000 

0.98 

11.33 

2.00 

1,775 

67.02 

2,556,000 

1.01 

11.49 

2.05 

1,800 

68.92 

2,592,000 

1.03 

108     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEK  EIGHT  INGE, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
inU.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

11.65 

2.11 

1,825 

70.85 

2,628,000 

1.07 

11.81 

2.17 

1,850 

72.80 

2,664,000 

1.09 

11.97 

2.23 

1,875 

74.78 

2,700,000 

1.12 

12.13 

2.29 

1,900 

76.79 

2,736,000 

1.15 

12.29 

2.35 

1,925 

78.82     2,772,000 

1.18 

12.45 

2.41 

1,950 

80.88      2,808,000 

1.21 

12.61 

2.47 

1,975 

82.97 

2,844,000 

1.25 

12.77 

2.53 

2,000 

85.08 

2,880,000 

1.28 

12.93 

2.60 

2,025 

87.22 

2,916,000 

1.31 

13.08 

2.66 

2,050 

89.39 

2,952,000 

1.34 

13.24 

2.73 

2,075 

91.59 

2,988,000 

1.37 

13.40 

2.79 

2,100 

93.80 

3,024,000 

1.41 

13.56 

2.86 

2,125 

96.05 

3,060,000 

1.44 

13.72 

2.93 

2,150 

98.33 

3,096,000 

1.48 

13.88 

3.00 

2,175 

100.63 

3,132,000 

1.51 

14.04 

3.07 

2,200 

102.95 

3,168,000 

1.55 

14.20 

3.14 

2,225 

105.30 

3,204,000 

1.58 

14.36 

3.21 

2,250 

107.68      3,240,000 

1.62 

14.52 

3.28 

2,275 

110.09 

3,276,000 

1.66 

14.68 

3.35 

2,300 

112.52 

3,312,000 

1.69 

14.84 

3.42 

2,325 

114.98 

3,348,000 

1.73 

15.00 

3.50 

2,350 

117.47 

3,384,000 

1.77 

15.16 

3.57 

2,375 

119.98 

3,420,000 

1.81 

15.32 

3.65 

2,400 

122.52 

3,456,000 

1.84 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  OAST-IRON  PIPES.      109 

DIAMETER  EIGHT  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 

per 
Second. 

this 
Velocity. 

Minute. 

lOOOFt. 

24  Hours. 

Orifice  of 
Influx. 

15.48 

3.72 

2,425 

125.09 

3,492,000 

1.88 

15  64 

3.80 

2,450 

127.68 

3,528,000 

1.92 

15.80 

3.88 

2,475 

130.30 

3,564,000 

1.96 

15.96 

3.96 

2,500 

132.94 

3,600,000 

2.00 

16.12 

4.04 

2,525 

135.62 

3,636,000 

2.04  , 

16.28 

4.12 

2,550 

138.31 

3,672,000 

2.08   , 

16.44 

4.20 

2,575 

141.04 

3,708,000 

2.12 

16.60 

4.28 

2,600 

143.79 

3,744,000 

2.16 

110     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  TEN  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  je- 
quired  to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.10 

0.00 

25 

0.01 

36,000 

0.00 

0.20 

0.00 

50 

0.03 

72,000 

0.00 

0.31 

0.00 

75 

0.06 

108,000 

0.00 

0.41 

0.00 

100 

0.07 

144,000 

0.00 

0.51 

0.00 

125 

0.11 

180,000 

0.00 

0.61 

0.01 

150 

0.15 

216,000 

0.00 

0.71 

0.01 

175 

0.21 

252,000 

0.00 

0.82 

0.01 

200 

0.27 

288,000 

0.01 

0.92 

0.01 

225 

0.35 

324,000 

0.01 

1.02 

0.02 

250 

0.43 

360,000 

0.01 

1.12 

0.02 

275 

0.52 

396,000 

0.01 

1.23 

0.02 

300 

0.61 

432,000 

0.01 

1.33 

0.03 

325 

0.72 

468,000 

0.01 

1.43 

0.03 

350 

0.83 

504,000 

0.02 

1.53 

0.04 

375 

0.96 

540,000 

0.02 

1.63 

0.04 

400 

1.09 

576,000 

0.02 

1.74 

0.05 

425 

1.23 

612,000 

0.02 

1.84 

0.05 

450 

1.38 

648,000 

0.03 

1.94 

0.06 

475 

1.54 

684,000 

0.03 

2.04 

0.06 

500 

1.70 

720,000 

0.03 

2.14 

0.07 

525 

1.88 

756,000 

0.04 

2.25 

0.08 

550 

2.06 

792,000 

0.04 

2.35 

0.09 

575 

2.25 

828,000 

0.04 

2.45 

0.09 

600 

2.45 

864,000 

0.05 

FRICTION  OP  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      Ill 


DIAMETEK  TEN  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  H. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 

24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orific't-  of 
Influx. 

2.55 

0.10 

625 

2.66 

900,000 

a.  05 

2.66 

0.11 

650 

2.88 

936,000 

0.05 

-2.76 

0.12 

675 

3.11 

972,000 

0.06 

2.86 

0.13 

700 

3.34 

1,008,000 

0.06 

2.96 

0.14 

725 

3.58 

1,044,000        0.07 

3.06 

0.15 

750 

3.83 

1,080,000        0.07 

3.  17 

0.16 

775 

4.09 

1,116,000        0.08 

3.27 

0.17 

800 

4.36 

1,152,000        0.08 

3.37 

0.18 

825 

4.64 

1,188,000 

0.09 

3.47 

0.19 

850 

4.92 

1,224,000 

0,09 

3.57 

0.20 

875 

5.22 

1,260,000 

0.10 

3.68 

0.21 

900 

5.52 

1,296,000 

0.11 

3.78 

0.22 

925 

5.83 

1,332,000 

0.11 

3.88 

0.23 

950 

6.15 

1,368,000 

0.12 

3.98 

0.25 

975 

6.48 

1,404,000 

0.12 

4.09 

0.26 

1,000 

6.82 

1,440,000 

0.13 

4.19 

0.27 

1,025 

7.16 

1,476,000        0.14 

4.29 

0.29 

1,050 

7.51 

1,512,000        0.14 

4.39 

0.30 

1,075 

7.88 

1,548,000  :     0.15 

4.49 

0.31 

1,100 

8.25 

1,584,000        0.16 

4.60 

0.33 

1,125 

8.63 

1,620,000 

0.17 

4.70 

0.34 

1,150 

9.01        1,656,000        0.17 

4.  HO          0.36 

1,175     1      9.41         1,  692,000        0.18 

4.JM)          0.37          1,200          9.S1        1,728,000        o.lt* 

112      FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  TEN  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 

Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

5.00 

0.39 

1,225 

10.23 

1,764,000 

0.20 

5.11 

0.41 

1,250 

10.65 

1,800,000 

0.20 

5.21 

0.42 

1,275 

11.08 

1,836,000 

0.21 

5.31 

0.44 

1,300 

11.52 

1,872,000 

0.2-2 

5.41 

0.46 

1,325 

11,96 

1,908,000 

0.2:5 

5.51 

0.47 

*  1,350 

12.42 

1,944,000 

0.24 

5.62 

0.49 

1,375 

12.88 

1,980,000 

0.24 

5.72 

5.82 

0.51 
0.53 

1,400 
1,425 

13.36 
13.84 

2,016,000 
2,052,000 

0.28 

0.27 

5.92 

0.55 

1,450 

14.33 

2,088,000 

0.28 

6.03 

0.56 

1,475 

14.83 

2,124,000 

0.28 

6.13 

0.58         1,500 

15.33 

2,160,000 

0.29 

6.23 

0.60 

1,525 

15.85 

2,196,000 

0.30 

6.33 

0.62 

1,550 

16.37 

2,232,000 

0.31 

6.43 

0.64 

1,575 

16.91 

2,268,000 

0.32 

6.54 

0.66 

1,600 

17.45 

2,304,000 

0.34 

6.64 

0.69 

1,625 

18.00 

2,340,000 

0.35 

6.74 

0.71 

1,650        18.55 

2,376,000 

0.36 

6.84 

0.73 

1,675        19.12 

2,412,000 

0.36 

6.94 

0.75 

1,700        19.70 

2,448,000 

0.38 

7.05 

0.77 

1,725 

20.28 

2,484,000 

0.39 

7.15 

0.80 

1,750 

20.87 

2,520,000 

0.40 

7.25 

0.82 

1,775 

21.47 

2,556,000 

0.41 

7.35 

0.84 

1,800 

22.08 

2,592,000 

0.42 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      113 


DIAMETEK  TEN  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 

Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  II.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

7.46 

0.86 

1,825         22:70 

2,628,000 

0.44 

7.56 
7.66 

0.89 
0.91 

1,850        23.32 
1,875         23.96 

2,664,000       0.45 

2,700,000  |    0.4(> 

7.76 

0.94 

1,1)00         24.60       2,736,000       0.47 

7.86 

0.96 

1/J25        25.25    i  2,772,000 

0.49 

7.97 

0.99 

1,950 

25.91 

2,808,000 

0.50 

8.07 

1.01 

1,975 

26.58 

2,844,000 

C  51 

8.17 

1.04 

2,000 

27.26 

2,880,000 

0.52 

8.27 

1.06 

2,025 

27.94 

2,916,000 

0.54 

8.37 

1.09 

2,050 

28.64 

2,952,000 

0.55 

8.48 

1.12 

2,075 

29.33 

2,988,000 

0.56 

8.58 

1.14 

2,100 

30.05       3,024,000 

0.58 

8.68 

1.17 

2,125 

30.77       3,060,000 

0.59 

8.78 

1.20 

2,150 

31.50       3,096,000 

0.61 

8.88 
8.99 

1.23 
1.26 

2,175 
2,200 

32.24       3,132,000 
32.98    '  3,168,000 

0.62 
0.03 

9.09 

1.28 

2,225 

33.74       3,204,000 

0.65 

9.19 

1.31 

2,250 

34.50       3,240,000 

0.66 

9.29 

1.34 

2,275 

35.27    ,  3,276,000 

0.68 

9.40 

1.37 

2,300 

36.05       3,312,000 

0.69 

9.50 

1.40 

2,325 

36.84 

3,348,000 

0.71 

9.60 

1.43 

2,350    |    37.63 

3,384,000 

0.72 

9.70 

1.46 

2,375        38.44 

3,420,000 

0.74 

9.80 

1.49  ' 

2,400        39.25 

3,456,000 

0.76 

114      FRICTION  OF  WATER  IX  ('AST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  TEN  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 

ioooert. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

9.91 

1.53 

2,425 

40.07 

3,492,000 

0.77 

10.01 

1.56 

2,450 

40.90 

3,528,000 

0.79 

10.11 

1.59 

2,475 

41.74 

3,564,000 

0.80 

10.21 

1.62 

2,500 

42.59 

3,600,000 

0.82 

10.31 

1.65 

2,525 

43.45 

3,636,000 

0.84 

10.42 

1.69 

2,550 

44.33 

3,672,000 

0.85 

10.52 

1.72 

2,575 

45.21 

3,708,000 

0.87 

10.62 

1.75 

2,600 

46.07 

3,744,000 

0.89 

10.72 

1.79 

2,625 

46.96 

3,780,000 

0.90 

10.83 

1.82 

2,650 

47.86 

3,816,000 

0.92 

10.93 

1.86 

2,675 

48.76 

3,852,000 

0.94 

11.03 

1.89 

2,700    i    49.68 

3,888,000 

0.96 

11.13 

1.93 

2,725 

50.60 

3,924,000 

0.97 

11.23 

1.96 

2,750 

51.54 

3,960,000 

0.99 

11.34 

2.00 

2,775 

52.48 

3,996,000 

1.01 

11.44 

2.03 

2,800 

53.43 

4,032,000 

1.03 

11.54 

2.07 

2,825 

54.39 

4,068,000 

1.05 

11.64 

2.11 

2,850 

55.35 

4,104,000 

1.06 

11.74 
11.85 

2.14 

2.18 

2,875 
2,900 

56.33 
57.31 

4,140,000 
4,176,000 

1.08 
1.10 

11.95 

2.22 

2,925 

58.30 

4,212,000 

1.12 

12.05 

2.26 

2,950 

59.30 

4,248,000 

1.14 

12.15 

2.30 

2,975 

60.31 

4,284,000 

1.1* 

12.26 

2.34 

3,000 

61.33 

4,320,000 

1.18 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      115 


DIAMETER  TWELVE  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.07 

0.00 

25             0.01, 

36,000 

0.00 

0.14 

0.00 

50             0.01 

72,000 

0.00 

0.21 

0.00 

75      ,     0.03 

108,000 

0.00 

0.28 

0.00 

100 

0.04 

144,000 

0.00 

0.35 

0,00 

125 

0.04 

180,000 

0.00 

0.43 

0.00 

150 

0.06 

216,000 

0.00 

0.50 

0.00 

175 

0.08 

252,000 

0.00 

0.57 

0.01 

200 

0.11 

288,000 

0.00 

0.64 

0.01 

225 

0.14 

324,000 

0.00 

0.71 

0.01 

250 

0.17 

360,000 

0.00 

0.78 

0.01 

275 

0.20 

396,000 

0.00 

0.85 

0.01 

300 

0.24 

432,000 

0.01 

0.92 

0.01 

325 

0.28 

468,000 

0.01 

0.99 

0.02 

350   - 

0.33 

504,000 

0  01 

1.06 

0.02 

375 

0.38 

540,000 

0.01 

1.13 

0.02 

400 

0.43 

576,000 

0.01 

1.21 

0.02 

4-25 

0.49 

612,000 

0.01 

1.28 

0.03 

450 

0.55 

648,000 

0.01 

1.35 

0.03 

475 

0.61 

684,000 

0.01 

1.42         0.03 

500 

0.67          720,000 

0.02 

1.49 

0.03 

525 

0.74 

.  756,000 

0.02 

1.56 

0.04 

550 

0.82 

792,000 

0.02 

1.63 

0.04 

575 

0:89 

828,000 

0.02 

1.70         0.05 

600            0.1)7          864,000 

0.02 

116     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  TWELVE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 

Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.03 

1.77 

0.05 

625 

1.05 

900,000 

1.84 

0.05 

650 

1.14 

936,000 

0.03 

1.91 

0.06 

675 

1.23            972,000 

0.03 

1.99 

0.06 

700 

1.32      !  1,008,000 

0.03 

2.06 

0.07 

725 

1.42 

1,044,000 

0.03 

2.13 

0.07 

750 

1.52 

1,080,000 

0.04 

2.20 

0.08 

775 

1.62 

1,116,000 

0.04 

2.27 

0.08 

800 

1.73 

1,152,000 

0.04 

2.34 

0.09 

825 

1.84 

1,188,000 

0.04 

2.41 

0.09 

850 

1.95 

1,224,000 

0.05 

2.48 

0.10 

875         2.07 

1,260,000 

0.05 

2.55 

0.10 

900         2.19        1,296,000 

0.05 

2.62 

0.11 

925    |     2.31        1,332,000 

0.05 

2.69 

0.11 

950 

2.44      !  1,368,000 

0.06 

2.77 

0.12 

975 

2.56      |  1,404,000       0.06 

2.84 

0.13 

1,000         2.70 

1,440,000       0.06 

2.91 

0.13 

1,025         2.83 

1,476,000       0.07 

2.98 

0.14 

1,050         2.97        1,512,000 

0.07 

3.05 

0.14 

1,075         3.12        1,548,000 

0.07 

3.12 

0.15 

1,100         3.26 

1,584,000       0.08 

3.19 

0.16 

1,125         3.41 

1,620,000       0.08 

3.26 

0.17 

1,150         3.57 

1,656,000 

0.08 

3.33 

0.17         1,175         3.72        1,692,000 

o.os 

3.40 

0.18         1,200         3.88      !  1,728,000       0.09 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      117 


DIAMETEE  TWELVE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  IT.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
inU.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

3.48 

0.19 

1,225 

4.05 

1,764,000 

0.09 

3.55 

0.20 

1,250 

4.21 

1,800,000 

0.10 

3.62 

0.20 

1,275 

4.39 

1,836,000 

0.  10 

3.69 

0.21 

1,300 

4.56 

1,872,000 

0.11 

3.76 

0.22 

1,325 

4.74 

1,908,000 

0.11 

3.83 

0.23 

1,350 

4.92 

1,944,000 

0.12 

3.90 

0.24 

1,375 

5.10 

1,980,000 

0.12 

3.97 

0.25 

1,400 

5.29 

2,016,000 

0.12 

4.04 

0.25 

1,425 

5.48 

2,052,000 

0.13 

4.11 

0.26 

1,450 

5.67 

2,088,000 

0.13 

4.18 

0.27 

1,475 

5.87 

2,124,000 

0.14 

4.26 

0.28 

1,500 

6.07 

2,160,000 

0.14 

4.33 

0.29 

1,525 

6.27 

2,196,000 

0.15 

4.40 

0.30 

1,550 

6.48 

2,232,000 

0.15 

4.47 

0.31 

1,575 

6.69 

2,268,000 

0.16 

4.54 

0.32 

1,600 

6.91 

2,304,000 

0.16 

4.61 

0.33 

1,625 

7.12 

2,340,000 

0.17 

4.68 

0.34 

1,650 

7.34 

2,376,000 

0.17 

4.75 

0.35 

1,675 

7.57 

2,412,000 

0.18 

4.82 

0.36 

1,700 

7.80 

2,448,000 

0.18 

4.89 

0.37 

1,725 

8.03 

2,484,000 

0.19 

4.96 

0.38 

1,750 

8.26 

2,520,000 

0.19 

5.04 

0.39 

1,775 

8.50 

2,556,000 

0.20 

5.11 

0.41 

1,800 

8.74 

2,592,000 

0.20 

118     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  TWELVE  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
pei- 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  b. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8 
.     Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  • 
to  the 
:>rificeof 
influx. 

5.18 

0.42 

1,825 

8.98 

2,628,000 

0.21 

5.25 

0.43 

1,850 

9.23 

2,664,0i»0 

0.22 

5.32 

0.44 

1,875 

9.48 

2,700,000 

0.22 

5.39 

0.45 

1,900 

9.74 

2,736,000 

0.23 

5.46 

0.46 

1,925 

9.99 

2,772,000 

0.23 

5.53 

0.48 

1,950 

10.26 

2,808,000 

0.24 

5.60 

0.49 

1,975 

10.52 

2,844,000 

0.25 

5.67 

0.50 

2,000 

10.79 

2,880,000 

0.25 

5.74 

0.51 

2,025 

11.06 

2,916,000 

0.26 

5.82 

0.53 

2,050 

11.34 

2,952,000 

0.27 

5.89 

0.54 

2,075 

11.61 

2,988,000 

0.27 

5.96 

0.55 

2,100 

11.90 

3,024,000 

0.28 

6.03 

0.57 

2,125 

12.18 

3,060,000 

0.29 

6.10 

0.58 

2,150 

12.47 

3,096,000 

0.29 

6.17 

0.59 

2,175 

12.76 

3,132,000 

0.30 

6.24 

0.61 

2,200 

13.06 

3,168,000 

0.31 

6.31 

0.62 

2,225 

13.35 

3,204,000 

0.31 

6.38 

0.63 

2,250 

13.65 

3,240,000 

0.32 

6.45 

0.65 

2,275 

13.96 

3,276,000 

0.33 

6.52 

0.66 

2,300 

14.27 

3,312,000 

0.33 

6.60 

0.68 

2,325    |    14.58 

3,348,000 

0.34 

6.67 

0.69 

2,350        14.90 

3,384,000 

0.35 

6.74 

0.71 

2,375        15.22 

3,420,000 

0.36 

6.81 

0.72         2,400        15.54 

3,456,000       0.36 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     119 


DIAMETEK  TWELVE  INGE. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  clue  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 

24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

6.88 

0.74 

2,425 

15.86 

3,492,000 

0.37 

6.95 

0.75 

2,450 

16.19 

3,528,000 

0.38 

7.02 

0.77 

2,475 

16.52 

3,564,000 

0.39 

7.09 

0.78 

2,500 

16.86 

3,600,000 

0.39 

7.16 

0.80 

2,525 

17.20 

3,636,000 

0.40 

7.23 

0.81 

2,550 

17.54 

3,672,000 

0.41 

7.30 

0.83 

2,575 

17.89 

3,708,000 

0.42 

7.38 

0.85 

2,600 

18.23 

3,744,000 

0.43 

7.45 

0.86 

2,625 

18.59 

3,780,000 

0.44 

7.52 

0.88 

2,650 

18.94 

3,816,000 

0.44 

7.59 

0.90 

2,075 

19.30 

3,852,000 

0.45 

7.66 

0.91 

2,700 

19.66 

3,888,000 

0.4& 

7.73 

0.93 

2,725 

20.03 

3,924,000 

0.47 

7.80 

0.95 

2,750 

20.40 

3,960,000 

0.48 

7.87 

0.96 

2,775 

20.77 

3,996,000 

0.49 

7.94 

0.98 

2,800 

21.15 

4,032,000 

0.50 

8.01 

1.00 

2,825 

21.53 

4,068,000 

0.50 

8.08 

1.02 

2,850 

21.91 

4,104,000 

0.51 

8.16 

1.04 

2,875 

22.29 

4,140,000 

0.52 

8.23 

1.05 

2,900 

22.68 

4,176,000 

0.53 

8.30 

1.07 

2,925 

23.08 

4,212,000 

0.54 

8.37. 

1.09 

2,950 

23.47 

4,248,000 

0.55 

8.44 

1.11 

2,975 

23.87 

4,284,000 

0.56 

8.51 

1.13 

3,000 

24.28 

4,320,000 

0.57 

120     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  OAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEK  TWELVE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 

Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  s. 
Gallons 
per 

Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

8.58 

1.14 

3,025 

24.68 

4,356,000 

0.58 

8.65 

1.16 

3,050 

25.09 

4,392,000 

0.59 

8.72 

1.18 

3,075 

25.51 

4,428,000       0.60 

8.79 

1.20 

3,100 

25.92 

4,464,000 

0.61 

8.86 

1.22 

3,125 

26.34 

4,500,000       0.62 

8.94          1.24 

3,150 

26.76 

4,536,000  !    0.63 

9.01           1.20 

3,175 

27.19       4,572,000       0.64 

&  08 

1.28 

3,200 

27.62       4,608,000       0.65 

9.15 

1.30 

3,225 

28.05       4,644,000       0.66 

9.  22 

1.32 

3,250 

28.49 

4,680,000       0.67 

9.29 

1.34 

3,275 

28.93       4,716,000  .    0.68 

9.36 
9.43 

1.36 

1.38 

3,300 
3,325 

29.37    |  4,752,000 
29.82       4,788,000 

0.69 
0.70 

9.  50 

1.40 

3,350 

30.27       4,824,000  ,    0.71 

9.57 

1.43 

3,375 

30.72       4,860,000       0.72 

9.65 

1.45 

3,400        31.18       4,896,000       0.73 

9.72          1.47 

3,425    'l    31.64 

4,932,000       0.74 

9.79           1.49 

3,450        32.10    !  4,968,000       0.75 

9.S6 

1.51 

3,475 

32.57       5,004,000       0.76 

9.93 

1.53 

3,500 

33.04       5,040,000  j    0.77 

10.00 

1.56 

3,525 

33.56    j  5,076,000 

0.79 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     121 

DIAMETEE  SIXTEEN  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.08 

0.00 

50 

0.01 

72,000 

0.00 

0.16 

0.00 

100 

o.oi 

144,000 

0.00 

0.24 

0.00 

150 

0.02 

216,000 

0.00 

0.32 

0.00 

200 

0.04 

288,000 

0.00 

0.40 

0.00 

250 

0.04 

360,000 

0.00 

0.48 

0.00 

300 

0.06 

432,000 

0.00 

0.56 

0.00 

350 

0.08 

504,000 

0.00 

0.64 
0.72 

0.01 
0.01 

400 
450 

0.10 
0.13 

576,000 
648,000 

0.00 
0.00 

0.80 

0.01 

500 

0  16 

720,000 

0.00 

0.88 

0.01 

550 

0.19 

792,000 

0.01 

0.96 

0.01 

600 

0.23 

864,000 

0.01 

1.04 

0.02 

650 

0.27 

936,000 

0.01 

1.12 

0.02 

700 

0.31 

1,008,000 

0.01 

1.20 

0.02 

750 

0.35 

1,080,000 

0.01 

1.28 

0.03 

800 

0.40 

1,152,000 

0.01 

1.36 

0.03 

850 

0.45 

1,224,000 

0.01 

1.44 

0.03 

900 

0.51 

1,296,000 

0.02 

1.52 

0.04 

950 

0.57 

1,368,000 

0.02 

1.60 

0.04 

1,000 

0.63 

1,440,000 

0.02 

1.68 

0.04 

1,050 

|      0.69 

1,512,000 

0.02 

1.76 

0  05 

1,100 

0.76 

1,584,000 

0.02 

1.84 

0.05 

1,150 

0.83 

1,656,000 

0.03 

1.91 

0.06 

1,200 

0.90 

1,728,000 

0.03 

122     FRICTION  OP  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  SIXTEEN  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 

10(X)eFt. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 

to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

1.99 

0.06 

1,250 

0.98 

1,800,000 

0.03 

2.07 

0.07 

1,300 

1.06 

1,872,000 

0.09 

2.15 

0.07 

1,350 

1.15 

1,944,000 

0.04 

2.23 

0.08 

1,400 

1.23 

2,016,000 

0.04 

2.31 

0.08 

1,450 

1.32 

2,088,000 

0.04 

2.39 

0.09 

1,500 

1.41 

2,160,000 

0.04 

2.47 

0.10 

1,550 

1.51 

2,232,000 

0.05 

2.55 

0.10 

1,600 

1.61 

2,304,000 

0.05 

2.63 

0.11 

1,650 

1.71 

2,376,000 

0.05 

2.71 

0.11 

1,700 

1.81 

2,448,000 

0.06 

2.79 

0.12 

1,750 

1.92 

2,520,000 

0.06 

2.87 

0.13 

1,800 

2.03 

2,592,000 

0.06 

2.95 

0.14 

1,850 

2.15 

2,664,000 

0.07 

3.03 

0.14 

1,900 

2.27 

2,736,000 

0.07 

3.11 

0.15 

1,950 

2.39 

2,808,000  1    0.08 

3.19 

0.16 

2,000 

2.51 

2,880,000 

0.08 

3.27 

0.17 

2,050 

2.64 

2,952,000 

0.08 

3.35 

0.17 

2,100 

2.77 

3,024,000 

0.09 

3.43 

0.18 

2,150 

2.90 

3,096,000 

0.09 

3.51 

0.19 

2,200 

3.04 

3,168,000 

0.10 

3.59 

0.20 

2,250 

3.18 

3,240,000 

0.10 

3.67 

0.21 

2,300 

3.32 

3,312,000 

0.11 

3.75 

0.22 

2,350 

3.47 

3,384,000 

0.11 

3.83 

0.23 

2,400 

3.62 

3,456,000 

0.12 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     123 


DIAMETER  SIXTEEN  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 

Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

3.91 

0.25 

2,450 

3.77 

3,528,000 

0.12 

3.99 

0.25 

2,500 

3.92' 

3,600,000 

0.13 

4.07 

0.26 

2,550 

4.08 

3,672,000 

0.13 

4.15 

0.27 

2,600 

4.24 

3,744,000 

0.14 

4.23 

0.28 

2,650 

4.41 

3,816,000 

O.H 

4.31 

0.29 

2,700 

4.58 

3,888,000 

0.15 

4.39 

0.30 

2,750 

4.75 

3,960,000 

0.15 

4.47 

0.31 

2,800 

4.92 

4,032,000 

0.16 

4.55 

0.32 

2,850 

5.10 

4,104,000 

0.16 

4.63 

0.33 

2,900 

5.28 

4,176,000 

0.17 

4.71 

0.34 

2,950 

5.46 

4,248,000 

0.17 

4.79 

0.36 

3,000 

5.65 

4,320,000 

0.18 

4.87 

0.37 

3,050 

5.84 

4,392,000 

0.19 

4.95 

0.38 

3,100 

6.03 

4,464,000 

0.19 

5.03 

0.39 

3,150 

6.23 

4,536,000 

0.20 

5.11 
5.19 

0.40 
0.42 

3,200 
3,250 

6.43 
6.63 

4,608,000 
4,680,000 

0  20 
0.21 

5.27 

0.43          3,300          6.84 

4,752,000       0.22 

5.35 

0.44     !    3,350          7.05 

4,824,000       0.22 

5.43 

0.46         3,400          7.26 

4,896,000 

0.23 

5.51 

0.47 

3,450 

7.47 

4,968,000 

0.24 

5.58 

0.49 

3,500 

7.69 

5,040,000 

0.25 

5.66 

0.50 

3,550 

7.91 

5,112,000 

0.25 

5.74 

0.51 

3,600 

8.14 

5,184,000 

0.26 

124     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  SIXTEEN  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
Of  Water 
in  Ft. 
p*r 
Second. 

Head  ia 

Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

5.82 

0.53 

3,650 

8.36     ;  5,256,000 

0.27 

5.90 

«    0.54 

3,700 

8.59 

5,328,000 

0.27 

5.98 

0.56 

3,750 

8.83 

5,400,000  ;     0.28 

6.06 

0.57 

3,800 

9.07       5,472,000        0.29 

6.14 

0.59 

3,850 

9.30       5,544,000 

0.30 

6.22 

0.60 

3,900 

9.55       5,616,000 

0.30 

6.30 

0.62 

3,950 

9.80    f  5,688,000 

0.31 

6.38 

0.63 

4,000 

10.05       5,760,000 

0.32 

6.46 

0.65 

4,050 

10.30       5,832,000 

0.33 

6.54 

0.67 

4,100 

10.55       5,904,000 

0.34 

6.62 

0.68 

4,150 

10.81       5,976,000 

0.34 

6.70 

0.70 

4,200 

11.07       6,048,000 

0.35 

6.78 

0.72 

4,250 

11.34 

6,120,000 

0.36 

6.86 

0.73 

4,300 

11.61 

6,192,000 

0.37 

6.94 

0.75 

4,350 

11.88       6,264,000 

0.38 

7.02 

0.77 

4,400        12.15       6,336,000 

0.39 

7.10 

0.78 

4,450        12.41       6,408,000 

0.40 

7.18 

0.80 

4.500 

12.71       6,480,000 

0.40 

7.26 

0.82 

4,550 

13.00       6,552,000 

0.41 

7.34 

0.84         4,600 

13.28       6,624,000 

0.42 

7.42 

0.86         4,650 

13.57 

6,696,000 

0.43 

7.50 

0.88         4,700 

13.87 

6,768,000 

0.44 

7.58 

0.89 

4,750 

14.16 

6,840,000 

0.45 

7.66     ;      0.91         4,800 

14.46       6,912,000        0.46 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      125 


DIAMETEE  SIXTEEN  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

7.74 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  IT.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  iu 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.93 

4,850 

14.77. 

6,984,000 

0.47. 

7.82 

0.95 

4,900 

15.07 

7,056,000 

0.48 

7.90 

0.97 

4,950 

15.38 

7,128,000 

0.49 

7.98 

0.99 

5,000 

15.69 

7,200,000 

0.50 

8.06 

1.01 

5,050 

16.01 

7,272,000 

0.51 

8.14 

1.03 

5,100 

16.33 

7,344,000 

0.52 

8.22 

1.05 

5,150 

16.65 

7,416,000 

0.53 

8.30 

1.07 

5,200 

16.97 

7,488,000 

0.54 

8.38          1.09 

5,250 

17.30 

7,560,000 

0.55 

8.46          1.11 

5,300 

17.63 

7,632,000 

0.56 

8,54          1.13 

5,350 

17.97 

7,704,000 

0.57 

8.62 

1.15 

5,400 

18.31 

7,776,000 

0.58 

$.70 

8.7S 

1.18 
1.20 

5,450 
5,500 

18.65 
18.99 

7,848,000 
7,920,000 

0.59 
0.61 

8.86 

1.22 

5,550 

19.34 

7,992,000 

0.62 

8,94 

1.24 

5,600 

19.69 

8,064,000 

0.63 

126     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  TWENTY  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 

Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 

Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
10<)()  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
He^ad  in 
Ft.  due 

to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.05 

0.00 

50 

0.00 

7-2,000 

0.00 

0.10 

0.00 

100 

0.01 

144,000 

0.00 

0.15 

0.00 

150 

0.01 

210,000 

0.00 

0.20 

0.00 

200 

0.01 

288,000 

0.00 

0.26 

0.00 

250 

0.02 

360,000 

0.00 

0.31 

0.00 

300 

0.03 

432,000 

0.00 

0.36 

0.00 

350 

0.03 

504,000 

0.00 

0.41 

0.00 

400 

0.03 

576,000 

0.00 

0.46 

0.00 

450 

0.04 

648,000 

0.00 

0.51 

0.00 

500 

0.05 

720,000 

0.00 

0.56 

0.00 

550 

0.06 

792,000 

0.00 

0.61 

0.01 

600 

0.07 

864,000 

0.00 

0.66 

0.01 

650 

0.09 

936,000 

0.00 

0.71 

0.01 

700 

0.10 

1,008,000 

0.00 

0.77 

0.01 

750 

0.11 

1,080,000 

0.00 

0.82 

0.01 

800 

0.13 

1,152,000 

0.01 

0.87 

0.01 

850 

0.15 

1,224,000 

0.01 

0.92 

0.01 

900 

0.16 

1,296,000 

0.01 

0.97 

0.01 

950 

0.18 

1,368,000 

0.01 

1.02 

0.02 

1,000 

0.20 

1,440,000 

0.01 

1.07 

0.02 

1,050 

022 

1,51-2,000 

0.01 

1.12 

0.02 

1,100 

0.25 

1,584,000 

0.01 

1.17 

0.02 

1,150 

0.27 

1,656,000 

0.01 

1.23 

0.02 

1,200 

0/29 

1,728,000 

0.01 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      127 


DIAMETEK  TWENTY  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
pel- 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  II.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft,  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  IT.  S. 
Gallons 

24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

1.28 

0.03 

1,250 

0.32. 

1,800,000 

0.01 

1.33     i     0.03 

1,300 

0.34 

1,872,000 

0.01 

1.38          0.03 

1,350 

0.37 

1,944,000 

0.01 

1.43          0.03          1,400 

0.40 

2,016,000 

0.02 

1.48          0.03          1,450 

0.43 

2,088,000 

0.02 

1.53 

0.04          1,500 

0.46 

2,160,000 

0.02 

1.58 

0.04 

1,550 

0.49 

2,232,000 

0.02 

1.63 

0.04 

1,600 

0.52 

2,304,000 

0.02 

1.69         0.04 

1,650 

0.55 

2,376,0(iO 

0.02 

1.74 

0.05 

1,700 

0.59 

2,448,000 

0.02 

1.79 

0.05 

1,750 

0.62 

2,520,000 

0.03 

1.84 

0.05 

1,800 

0.66 

2,592,000 

0.03 

1.89 

0.06 

1,850 

0.70 

2,664,000 

0.03 

1.94 

0.06 

1,900 

0.73 

2,736,000 

0.03 

1.99 

0.06 

1,950 

0.77 

2,808,000 

0.03 

2.04 

0.06 

2,000 

0.81 

2,880,000 

0.03 

2.09 

0.07 

2,050 

0.85 

2,952,000 

0.03 

2.14 

0.07 

2,100 

0.90 

3,024,000 

0.04 

2.20 

0.08 

2,150 

0.94 

3,096,000 

0.04 

2.25 

0.08 

2,200 

0.98 

3,168,000 

0,04 

2.30 

0.08 

2,250 

1.03 

3,240,000 

0.04 

2.35 

0.09 

2,300 

1.07 

3,312,000 

0.04 

2.40 

0.09 

2,350 

1.12 

3,384,000 

0.05 

2>45 

0.09 

2,400 

1.17 

3,456,000 

0.05 

128     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  TWENTY  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 

pei- 
Second. 

2.50 

Yt   r  ™    Discharge 

quired  to  !    (^aiiong    I 
produce    I 
this            MirmtP 
Velocity. 

Iwction?       &aio*« 
Wo^t.         24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  tbe 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.10 

2,450 

1.22        3,528,000 

0.05 

2.55          0.10 

2,500 

1.27        3,600,000 

0.05 

2.60           0.11 

2,550 

1.32      '  3,672,000 

0.  05 

2.66           0.11 

2,600 

1.37      :  3,744,000 

0.06 

2.71 

2.76 
2.81 

0.11         2,650 
0.12     !    2,700 
0.12         2,750 

1.43 
1.48 
1.54 

3,816,000 
3,888,000 
3,960,000 

0.06 
0.06 
0.06 

2.86 

0.13 

2,800 

1.59 

4,032,000       0.06 

2.91 

0.13 

2,850 

1.65 

4,104,000 

0.07 

2.96 

0.14 

2,900 

1.71 

4,176,000 

0.07 

3.01 

0.14 

2,950 

1.77 

4,248,000 

0.07 

3.06 

0.15 

3,000 

1.83 

4,320,000 

0.07 

3.11          0.15 

3,050 

1.89 

4,392,000 

0.08 

3.17 

0.16 

3,100 

1.95 

4,464,000 

0.08 

3.22 

0.16 

3,150 

2.02         4,536,000 

0.08 

3.27 

0.17 

3,200 

2.08      '  4,608,000 

0.08 

3.32 

0.17 

3,250 

2.15 

4,  (580,000 

0.09 

3.37 

0.18 

3,300 

2.21 

4,752,000 

0.09 

3.42 

0.18 

3,350 

2.28 

4,824,000 

0.09 

3.47 

0.19 

3,400 

2.35 

4,896,000 

0.09 

3.52 

0.19 

3,450 

2.42 

4,968,000 

0.10 

3.57 

0.20 

3,500 

2.49 

5,040,000 

0.10 

3.63 

0.20 

3,550 

2.56 

5,112,000 

0.10 

3.68 

0.21 

3,600 

2.63 

5,184,000 

0.11 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      129 


DIAMETER  TWENTY  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
Of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

3.73 

0.22 

3,650 

2.71" 

5,256,000 

0.11 

3.78 

0.22 

3,700 

2.78 

5,328,000 

0.11 

3.83 

0.23 

3,750 

2.86 

5,400,000 

0.12 

3.88 
3.93 

0.23 
0.24 

3,800 
3,850 

2.93 

3.01 

5,472,000 
5,544,000 

0.12 
0.12 

3.98 

0.25 

3,900 

3.09 

5,616,000 

0.12 

4.03 

0.25 

3,950 

3.17 

5,688,000 

0.13 

4.09 

0.26 

4,000 

3.25 

5,760,000 

0.13 

4.14 

0.27 

4,050 

3.33 

5,832,000 

o.li-j 

4.19 

0.27 

4,100 

3.42 

5,904,000 

0.14 

4/24 
4.29 

0.28 
0.29 

4,150 
4,200 

3.50 
3.58 

5,976,000 
6,048,000 

0.14 
0.14 

4.34 

0.29 

4,250 

3.67 

6,120,000 

0.15 

4.39 

6.30 

4,300 

3.76 

6,192,000 

0.15 

4.44 

0.31 

4,350 

3.84 

6,264,000 

0.15 

4.49           0.31 

4,400 

3.93 

6,336,000 

0.16 

4.54          0.32 

4,450 

4.02 

6,408,000 

0.1(5 

4.60          0.33 

4,500 

4.11 

6,480,000 

0.17 

4.65          0.34 

4,550 

4.21 

6,552,000       0.17 

4.70          0.34 

4,600 

4.30 

r>,()24,rr;)      0.17 

4.75          0.35 

4,650 

4.39 

6,  r,(,)i  ;,oo;)      O.IB 

4.80          0.36 

4,700 

4.49 

(5,768  000        0.  IN 

4.85 

0.37 

4,750 

4.58        (1,840,000       0.18 

4.90 

0.37 

4,800 

4.(><S         (1,  912,  000        0.19 

130     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  TWENTY  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 

24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

4.95 

0.38 

4,850 

4.78 

6,984,000  ;    0.19 

5.00 

0.39 

4,900 

4.88 

7,056,000  i    0.20 

5.06 

0.40 

4,950 

4.98 

7,128,000       0.20 

5.11 

0.41 

5,000 

5.08 

7,200,000       0.20 

5.16 

0.41 

5,050 

5.18 

7,272,000 

0.21 

5.21 

0.42 

5,100 

5.28 

7,344,000 

0.21 

5.26 

0.43 

5,150 

5.39 

7,416,000 

0.22 

5.31 

0.44 

5,200 

5.49        7,488,000 

0.22 

5.36 

0.45 

5,250 

5.60 

7,560,000 

0.23 

5.41 

0.46 

5,300 

5.71 

7,632,000 

0.23 

5.46 

0.46 

5,350 

5.82 

7,704,000 

0.23 

5.51 

0.47 

5,400 

5.92     i  7,776,000 

0.24 

5.57 

0.48 

5,450 

6.04     !  7,848,000 

0.24 

5.62 

0.49 

5,500 

6.15 

7,920,000 

0.25 

5.67 

0.50 

5,550 

6.26        7,992,000 

0.25 

5.72 

0.51 

5,600 

6.37        8,064,000 

0.26 

5.77 

0.52 

5,650 

6.49        8,136,000  !    0.26 

5.82          0.53 

5,700 

6.60       8,208,000       0.27 

5.87          0.54 

5,750 

6.72        8,280,000       0.27 

5.92 

0.55 

5,800 

6.84        8,352,000 

0.28 

6.97 

0.55 

5,850 

6.95        8,424,000 

0.28 

6.03 

0.56 

5,900 

7.07     I  8,496,000 

0.29 

6.08 

0.57 

5,950 

7.19 

8,568,000 

0.29 

&13 

0.58 

6,000 

7.31 

8,640,000 

0.29 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      181 


DIAMETER  TWENTY  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

6.18 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

7.44 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

8,712,000 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.59 

6,050 

0.30 

6.23 

0.60 

(5,100           7.5<; 

8,784,000      0.30 

6.28 

0.61 

6,150 

7.68 

8,850,000 

0.31 

6.33 

0.62 

6,200 

7.81 

8,928,000 

0.31 

6.38 

0.63 

6,250 

7.94 

9,000,000 

0.32 

6.43 

0.64 

6,300 

8.06 

9,072,000 

0.32 

6.48 

0.65 

6,350 

8.19 

9,144,000 

0.33 

6.54 
6.59 

0.66 
0.67 

6,400 
6,450 

8.32 

8.45 

9,216,000 
9,288,000 

0.34: 

0.34 

6.64 

0.69 

6,500 

8.58 

9,360,0001    0.35 

6.69 

0.70     !    6,550 

8.72 

9,432,000 

0.35 

6.74 

0.71 

6,600 

8.85 

9,504,000      0.36 

6.79 

0.72 

6,650 

8.99 

9,576,000      0.36 

6.84 

0.73 

6,700 

9.12 

9,648,000 

0.37 

6.89 

0.74 

6,750          9.26 

9,720,000      0.37 

6.94 

0.75 

6,800          9.40 

9,  792,000  !    0.3S 

7.00 

0.76 

6,850          9.53         9,8(54,000      0.38 

7.05 

0.77 

6,900          9.  <>7         9,9:U),000      0.39 

7.10 

0.78 

6,950           <).S1        H),OOS,000       0.40 

7.15 

0.79         7,000          9.96       10,  080,  000      0.40 

7.20 

0.81          7,050        1010       10,152,000      0.41 

7.25 

0.82     !    7,100    I    10.24       10,224,000      0.41 

7.30 

0.83 

7,150 

10.39       10,296,000;    0.42 

7.35 

O.S4 

7,200 

10.53 

10,368,000      0.42 

132     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEK  TWENTY  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 

to  the 

per 
Second. 

this 
Velocity. 

Minute. 

per 
1000  Ft. 

per 
24  Hours. 

Orifice  of 
Influx. 

7.40 

0.85 

7,250 

10.68 

10,440,000 

0.43 

7.46 

0.86 

7,300 

10.83 

10,512,000 

0.44 

7.51 

0.88 

7,350 

10.98 

10,584,000 

0.44 

7.56 

0.89 

7,400 

11.13 

10,656,000 

0.45 

7.61 

0.90 

7,450 

11.28 

10,728,000 

0.45 

7.66 

0.91 

7,500 

11.43 

10,800,000 

0.46 

FRICTION  OP  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      133 


DIAMETEE  TWENTY-IOUE  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
pel- 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce, 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  iu 
Ft.  dut» 

to  tllr 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.04 

0.00 

50 

o.oo. 

72,000 

().()() 

a  07 

0.00 

100 

0.00 

144,000 

().()() 

0.11 

0.00 

150 

0.01 

216,000 

0.00 

0.14 

0.00 

200 

0.01 

288,000 

0.00 

0.18 

0.00 

250 

0.01 

360,000 

0.00 

0.21 

0.00 

300 

0.01 

432,000 

0.00 

0.25 

0.00 

350 

0.02 

504,000 

0.00 

0.28 

0.00 

400 

0.02 

576,000 

0.00 

0.32 

0.00 

450 

0.02 

648,000 

0.00 

0.35 

0.00 

500 

0.02 

720,000 

0.00 

0.39 

0.00 

550 

0.02 

792,000 

0.00 

0.43 

0.00 

600 

0.03 

864,000 

0.00 

0.46 

0.00 

650 

0.03 

936,000 

0.00 

0.50 

0.00 

700 

0.04 

1,008,000 

0.00 

0.53 

0.00 

750 

0.05 

1,080,000 

0.00 

0.57 

0.01 

800 

0.05 

1,152,000 

0.00 

0.60 

0.01 

850 

0.06 

1,224,000 

0.00 

0.64 

0.01 

900 

0.07 

1,296,000 

0.00 

0.67 

0.01 

950 

0.07 

1,368,000 

0.00 

0.71 

0.01 

1,000 

0.08 

1,440,000 

0.00 

0.74 

0.01 

1,050 

0.09 

1,512,000 

0.00 

0.78 

0.01 

1,100 

0.10 

1,584,000 

0.00 

0.82 

0.01 

1,150 

0.11 

1,656,000 

0.01 

0.85 

0.01 

1,200 

0.12 

1,728,000 

0.01 

134     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEK  TWENTY-POUK  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 

per 

Second. 

0.89 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

0.01 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 

Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 

1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

1,250 

0.13 

1,800,000 

0.01 

0.92 

0.01 

1,300 

0.14 

1,872,000 

0.01 

0.96 

0.01 

1,350 

0.15 

1,944,000 

0.01 

0.99 

0.02 

1,400 

0.16 

2,016,000 

0.01 

1.03 

0.02 

1,450 

0.17 

2,088,000 

0.01 

1.06 

0.02 

1,500 

0.18 

2,160,000 

0.01 

1.10 

0.02 

1,550 

0.19 

2,232,000 

0.01 

1.13 

0.02 

1,600 

0.21 

2,304,000       0.01 

1.17 
1.21 

0.02 
0.02 

1,650 
1,700 

0.22 
0.23 

2,376,000 
2,448,000 

0.01 
0.01 

1.24 

0.02 

1,750 

0.25 

2,520,000       0.01 

1.28 

0.03 

1,800          0.26 

2,592,000 

0.01 

1.31 

0.03 

1,850 

0.28 

2,664,000  ;    0.01 

1.35 

0.03 

1,900 

0.29 

2,736,000  !    0.01 

1.38 

0.03 

1,950 

0.31 

2,808,000 

0.02 

1.42 

0.03 

2,000 

0.32 

2,880,000 

0.02 

1.45 

0.03 

2,050 

0.34 

2,952,000 

0.02 

1.49 

0.03 

2,100 

0.36 

3,024,000 

0.02 

1.52 

0.04 

2,150         0.37 

3,096,000 

0.02 

1.56 

0.04 

2,200 

0.39 

3,168,000       0.02 

1.60 

0.04 

2,250          0.41 

3,240,000  !    0.02 

1.63 

0.04 

2,300          0.43 

3,312,000       0.02 

1.67 

0.04 

2,350 

0.45 

3,384,000       0.02 

1.70 

0.05 

2,400         0.47 

3,456,000 

0.02 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      1  :>5 


DIAMETEE  TWENTY-fOUE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

1 
Discharge 
ill  U.  s. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
-     per 
1000  Ft. 

0.49 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 

Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.02 

1.74 

0.05 

2,450 

3,528,000 

1.77 

0.05 

2,500          0.51 

3,600,000       0.02 

1.81          0.05 
1.84          0.05 

2,550 
2,600 

0.53 
0.55 

3,672,000 
3,744,000 

0.  03 
0.03 

1.88          0.05 

2,650 

0.57 

3,816,000 

0.03 

1.91          O.OG          2,700 

0.59 

3,888,000 

0.03 

1.95          O.OG      l    2,750          0.61 
1.99          0.06          2,800          0.6-4 

3,960,000 
4,032,000 

0.03 
0.03 

2.02 

0.06 

2,850          0.66 

4,104,000 

0.03 

2.06 

0.07 

2,900    :      ().(>« 

4,176,000 

0.03 

2.09 

0.07      ;    2,950         0.70 

4,248,000 

0.03 

2.13 

0.07 

3,000          0.73 

4,320,000 

0.04 

2.16 

0.07 

3,050 

0.75 

4,392,000 

0.04 

2.20 

0.08 

3,100 

0.78 

4,464,000 

0.04 

2.23 

0.08 

3,150 

0.80 

4,536,000 

0.04 

2.27 

0.08 

3,200 

0.83 

4,608,000 

0.04 

2.30 

0.08 

3,250 

0.86 

4,680,000 

0.04 

2.34          0.09 

3,300 

0.88 

4,752,000 

0.04 

2.38          0.09 

3,350 

0.91 

4,824,000 

0.04 

2.41          0.09 

3,400 

0.94 

4,896,000  |    0.0~> 

2.45 

0.09 

3,450 

0.97 

4,968,000 

().().""> 

2.48 

0.10 

3,500 

0.99 

5,040,000 

0.05 

2.52 

0.10 

3,550 

1.02 

5,112,000       0.05 

2.55 

0.10 

3,600 

1.05 

5,184,000  |    0.05 

136     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  TWENTY-POUR  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

2.59 

0.10 

3,650 

1.08 

5,256,000 

0.05 

2.  02 

0.11 

3,700 

1.11 

5,328,000 

0.05 

2.66 

0.11 

3,750 

1.14 

5,400,000 

0.06 

2.69 

0.11 

3,800 

1.17 

5,472,000 

0.06 

2.73 

0.12 

3,850 

1.20 

5,544,000 

0.06 

2.77 

0.12 

3,900 

1.23 

5,616,000 

0.06 

'2.  SO 

0.12 

3,950 

1.26 

5,688,000 

0.06 

2.84 

0.13 

4,000 

1.30 

5,760,000 

0.06 

2.87 

0.13 

4,050 

1.33 

5,832,000 

0.06 

2.91 

0.13 

4,100 

1.36 

5,904,000 

0.07 

2.94 

0.13 

4,150 

1.40 

5,976,000 

0.07 

2.98 

0.14 

4,200 

1.43 

6,048,000 

0.07 

3.01 

0.14 

4,250 

1.46 

6,120,000 

0.07 

3.05 

0.14 

4,300 

1.50 

6,192,000 

0.07 

3.09 

0.15 

4,350 

1.53 

6,264,000 

0.07 

3.12 

0.15 

4,400 

1.57 

6,336,000 

0.08 

3.16 

0.15 

4,450 

1.60 

6,408,000 

0.08 

3.19 

0.16 

4.500 

1.64 

6,480,000 

0.08 

3.23 

0.16 

4,550 

1.68 

6,552,000 

0.08 

3.26 

0.17 

4,600 

1.71 

6,624,000 

0.08 

3.30 

0.17 

4,650 

1.75 

6,696,000 

0.09 

3.33 

0.17 

4,700 

1.79 

6,768,000 

0.09 

3.37 

0.18 

4,750 

1.83 

6,840,000 

0.09 

3.40 

0.18 

4,800 

1.87 

6,912,000 

0.09 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     137 


DIAMETEE  TWENTY-POUK  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000.  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

3.44 

0.18 

4,850 

1.91 

6,984,000 

0.09 

3.48 

0.19 

4,900 

1.94  ' 

7,056,000 

0.09 

3.51 

0.19 

4,950 

1.98 

7,128,000 

0.10 

3.55 

0.20 

5,000 

2.03 

7,200,000 

0.10 

3.58 

0.20 

5,050 

2.07 

7,272,000 

0.10 

3.62 

0.20 

5,100 

2.11 

7,344,000 

0.10 

3.65 

0.21 

5,150 

2.15 

7,416,000 

0.10 

3.69 

0.21 

5,200    i     2.19 

7,488,000 

0.11 

3.72 

0.22 

5,250          2.23 

7,560,000 

0.11 

3.76 

0.22 

5,300          2.28 

7,632,000 

0.11 

3.79 

0.22 

5,350         2.32 

7,704,000 

0.11 

3.83 

0.23 

5,400 

2.36 

7,776,000 

0.12 

3.87 

0.23 

5,450 

2.41 

7,848,000 

0.12 

3.90 

0.24 

5,500 

2.45 

7,920,000 

0.12 

3.94         0.24 

5,550 

2.50 

7,992,000 

0.12 

3.97 

0.25 

5,600 

2.54 

8,064,000 

0.12 

4.01 

0.25 

5,650 

2.59 

8,136,000 

0.13 

4.04         0.25 

5,700    i      2.63 

8,208,000 

0.13 

4.08          0.26      i    5,750 

2.68 

8,280,000       0.13 

4.11 

0.26 

5,800 

2.72 

8,352,000       0.13 

4.15          0.27 

5,850 

2.77 

8,424,000       0.14 

4.18          0.27 

5,900 

2.82 

8,496,000 

0.14 

4.22 

0.28 

5,950 

2.87 

8,568,000 

0.14 

4.26 

0.28 

6,000 

2.92 

8,640,000 

0.14 

138     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  TWENTY-FOUE  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
Of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

4.29 

0.29 

6,050 

2.96 

8,712,000 

0.14 

4.33 

0.29 

6,100 

3.01 

8,784,000 

0.15 

4.36 

0.30 

6,150 

3.06 

8,856,000 

0.15 

4.40 

0.30 

6,200 

3.11 

8,928,000      0.15 

4.43 

0.31 

6,250 

3.16 

9,000,000      0.15 

4.47 

0.31 

6,300 

3.22 

9,072,000     o.ift 

4.50 

0.32 

6,350 

3.27 

9,144,000      0.1  ft 

4.54 

0.32 

6,400 

3.32 

9,216,000      0.1G 

4.57 

0.33 

6,450 

3.37 

9,288,000      0.16 

4.61 

0.33 

6,500 

3.42 

9,360,000 

0.17 

4.65 

0.34 

6,550 

3.48 

9,432,000 

0.17 

4.68 

0.34 

6,600 

3.53 

9,504,000 

0.17 

4.72 

0.35 

6,650 

3.58 

9,576,000 

0.17 

4.75 

0.35 

6,700 

3.64 

9,648,000 

0.1& 

4.79 

0.36 

6,750 

3.69 

9,720,000 

0.18 

4.82 

0.36 

6,800 

3.75 

9,792,000 

0.18 

4.86 

0.37 

6,850 

3.80 

9,  864,000  :    0.19 

4.89 

0.37 

6,900 

3.86 

9,936,000      0.19 

4.93 

0.38 

6,950 

3.91 

10,008,000      0.19 

4.96 

0.38 

7,000 

3.97 

10,080,000      0.19 

5.00 

0.39 

7,050    I      403       10,152,000      0.20 

5.04 

0.39 

7,100 

4.08       10,224,000      0.20 

5.07 

0.40 

7,150 

4.14 

10,296,000      0.20 

6.11 

0.41 

7,200 

4.20 

10,368,000      0.20 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      139 


DIAMETEE  TWENTY-FOUR  INCH. 


Mean 

Velocity 
of  Wuter 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  IT.  H. 

Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

5.14 

0.41 

7,250 

4.26 

10,440,000 

0.21 

5.18 

0.42 

7,300 

4.32 

10,512,000 

0.21 

5.21 

0.42 

7,350 

4.38 

10,584,000 

0.21 

5.25 

0.43 

7,400 

4.44 

10,656,000 

0.22 

5.28 

0.43 

7,450 

4.50 

10,728,000 

0.22 

5.32 

0.44 

7,500 

4.56 

10,800,000 

0.22 

5.35 

0.45 

7,550 

4.62 

10,872,000 

0.23 

5.39 

0.45 

7,600 

4.68 

10,944,000 

0.23 

5.43 

0.46 

7,650 

4.74 

11,016,000 

0.23 

5.40 

0.46 

7,700 

4.80 

11,088,000 

0.23 

5.50 
5.53 

0.47 
0.48 

7,750 
7,800 

4.87 
4.93 

11,160,000 
11,232,000 

0.24 
0.24 

5.57 

0.48 

7,850 

4.99 

11,304,000 

0.24 

5.60 

0.49 

7,900 

5.06 

11,376,000 

0.25 

5.64 

0.49 

7,950 

5.12 

11,448,000 

0.25 

5.67 

0.50 

8,000 

5.18 

11,520,000 

0.25 

5.71 

0.51 

8,050 

5.25 

11,592,000 

0.26 

5.74 

0.51 

8,100 

5.32 

11,664,000 

0.26 

5.78 

0.52 

8,150 

5.38 

11,736,000 

0.26 

5.82 

0.53 

8,200 

5.45 

11,808,000 

0.27 

r>.,sr> 

0.53 

8,250 

5.51 

11,880,000 

0.27 

5.89 

0.54 

8,300 

5.58 

11,952,000 

0.27 

5.92 

0.55 

8,350 

5.65 

12,024,000 

0.28 

5.96 

0.55 

8,400 

5.72 

12,096,000 

0.28 

140     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEK  TWENTY-POUK  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 

Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 

Orifice  of 
Influx. 

5.99 

0.56 

8,450 

5.78 

12,168,000 

0.28 

6.03 

0.56 

8,500 

5.85 

12,240,000 

0.29 

ti.06 

0.57 

8,550 

5.92 

12,312,000 

0.29 

6.10 

0.58 

8,600 

5.99 

12,384,000 

0.29 

6.13 

0.59 

8,650 

6.06 

12,456,000 

0.30 

6.17 

0.59 

8,700 

6.13 

12,528,000 

0.30 

6.21 

0.60 

8,750 

6.20 

12,600,000 

0.30 

6.24 

0.61 

8,800 

6.27 

12,672,000 

0.31 

6.28 

0.61 

8,850 

6.34 

12,744,000 

0.31 

6.31 

0.62 

8,900 

6.42 

12,816,000 

0.31 

6.35 

0.63 

8,950 

6.49 

12,888,000 

0.32 

6.38 

0.63 

9,000 

6.56 

12,900,000 

0.32 

6.42 

0.64 

9,050 

6.63 

13,032,000 

0.32 

6.45 

0.65 

9,100 

6.71 

13,104,000 

0.33 

6.49 

0.65 

9,150 

6.78 

13,170,000 

0.33 

6.52 

0.66 

9,200 

6.86 

13,248,000 

0.33 

6.56 

0.67 

9,250 

6.93 

13,320,000 

0.34 

6.60 

0.68 

9,300 

7.01 

13,392,000 

0.34 

6.63 

0.68 

9,350 

7.08 

13,464,000 

0.35 

6.67 

0.09 

9,400 

7.16 

13,536,000 

0.35 

6.70 

0.70 

9,450 

7.23 

13,608,000 

0.35 

6.74 

0.71 

9,500 

7.31 

13,680,000 

0.3C> 

6.77 
6.81 

0.71 
0.72 

9,550 

9,  600 

7.39 
7.47 

13,752,000 
13,824,000 

0.30 
0.36 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      141 


DIAMETEK  THIKTY  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
pel- 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 

in  U.  s. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

144,000 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.05      !      0.00 

100     '      0.00 

0.00 

0.09           0.00              200          0.00             '2SS,000        0.00 

0.14           (1.00              300          0.01             -±32,000 

0.00 

0.18          0.00             400         0.01            576,000 

0.00 

0.23 

0.00 

500         0.01 

720,000 

0.00 

0.27 

0.00 

GOO         0.02 

864,000 

0.00 

0.32 

0.00 

700         0.02 

1,008,000 

0.00 

0.36 

0.00 

800    !     0.02 

1,152,000 

0.00 

0.41 

0.00 

900    i     0.02 

1,296,000 

0.00 

0.45 

0.00 

1,000    |     0.03 

1,440,000 

0.00 

0.50 

0.00 

1,100 

0.03 

1,584,000 

0.00 

0.54 
0.59 

0.00 
0.01 

1,200 
1,300 

0.04 
0.04 

1,728,000 
1,872,000 

0.00 
0.00 

0.64 

0.01 

1,400 

0.05 

2,016,000 

0.00 

0.68 

0.01 

1,500 

0.06 

2,  160,  000 

0.00 

0.73 

0.01 

1,600         0.07 

2,304,000 

0.00 

0.77 

0.01 

1,700 

0.08         2,448,000 

0.00 

0.82 

0.01 

1,800 

0.09         2,592,000 

0.  01 

0.86 

0.01 

1,900         0.10         2,736,000 

0.01 

0.91 

0.01 

2,000    i     0.11         2,880,000 

0,01 

0.95 

0.01 

2,100 

0.12        3,024,000 

0.01 

1.00 

0.02 

2,200 

0.13        3,168,000       0.01 

1.04 

0.02 

2,300 

0.14        3,312,000       0.01 

1.09 

0.0-2 

2,400 

0.15        3,456,000 

0.01 

142     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  THIETY  INCH, 


Mean 

Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft  . 
per 

Second. 

1.13 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.02 

2,500         0.16      j  3,600,000 

0.01 

1.18          0.02 

2,600 

0.18 

3,744,000 

0.01 

1.23 

0.02 

2,700 

0.19 

3,888,000 

0.01 

1.27 

0.03 

2,800 

0.21 

4,032,000 

0.01 

1.32 

0.03 

2,900 

0.22 

4,176,000 

0.01 

1.36 

0.03 

3,000 

0.24 

4,320,000 

0.01 

1.41 

0.03 

3,100 

0.25 

4,464,000 

0.02 

1.45 

0.03 

3,200 

0.27 

4,608,000 

0.02 

1.50 

0.03 

3,300 

0.29 

4,752,000 

0.02 

1.54 

0.04 

3,400 

0.30 

4,896,000 

0.02 

1.59 

0.04 

3,500 

0.32 

5,040,000       0.02 

1.63 

0.04 

3,600 

0.34 

5,184,000  (    0.02 

1.68 

0.04 

3,700 

0.36 

5,328,000 

0.02 

1.72 

0.05 

3,800         0.38 

5,472,000 

0.02 

1.77 

0.05 

3,900         0.40 

5,616,000 

0.02 

1.82 

0.05 

4,000 

0.42 

5,760,000       0.03 

1;86 

0.05 

4,100         0.44 

5,904,000 

0.03 

1.91 

0.06 

4,200 

0.46 

6,048,000 

0.03 

1.95 

0.06 

4,300 

0.49         6,192,000 

0.03 

2.00 

0.06 

4,400 

0.51 

6,336,000 

0,03 

2.04 

0.06 

4,500 

0.53 

6,480,000 

0.03 

2.09 

0.07 

4,600 

0.56 

6,624,000 

0.03 

2.13 

0.07 

4,700 

0.58 

6,768,000 

0.04 

2.18 

0.07 

4,800 

0.61 

6,912,000 

0.04 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      143 


DIAMETER  THIETY  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 

in  U.  S. 
Gallons 

24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

2.22 

0.08 

4,900 

0.63 

7,056,000 

0.04 

2.27 

0.08 

5,000 

0.66 

7,200,000 

0.04 

2.31 

0.08 

5,100 

0.69 

7,344,000 

0.04 

2.36 

0.09 

5,200 

0.71 

7,488,000 

0.04 

2.41 

0.09 

5,300 

0.74 

7,632,000 

0.05 

2.45 

0.09 

5,400 

0.77 

7,776,000 

0.05 

2.50 

0.10 

5,500 

0.80 

7,920,000 

0.05 

2.54 

0.10 

5,600 

0.83 

8,064,000 

0.05 

2.59 

0.10 

5,700 

0.86 

8,208,000 

0.05 

2.63 

0.11 

5,800 

0.89 

8,352,000 

0.05 

2.68 

0.11 

5,900 

0.92 

8,496,000 

0.06 

2.72 

0.12 

6,000 

0.95 

8,640,000 

0.06 

2.77 

0.12 

6,100 

0.98 

8,784,000 

0.06 

2.81 

0.12 

6,200 

1.01 

8,928,000 

0.06 

2.86 

0.13 

6,300 

1.05 

9,072,000 

0.0(> 

2.90 

0.13 

6,400 

1.'08 

9,216,000 

0.07 

2.95 

0.14     j    6,500 

1.11   • 

9,360,000 

0.07 

3.00 

0.14 

6,600 

1.15 

9,504,000 

0.07 

3.04 

0.14 

6,700 

1.18 

9,648,000 

0.07 

3.09 

0.15 

6,800 

L22 

9,792,000 

0.07 

3.13 

0.15 

6,900 

1.25 

9,936,000 

0.08 

3.18 

0.16 

7,000 

1.29 

10,080,000 

0.08 

3.22 

0.16 

7,100 

1.33 

10,224,000 

0.08 

3.27 

0.17 

7,200 

1.37 

10,368,000 

0.08 

144     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  THIETY  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

3.31          0.17 

7,300    '      1.40       10,512,000      0.09 

3.36          0.18 

7,400          1.44       10,656,000      0.(M» 

3.40          0.18 

7,500          1.48       10,800,000      0.01) 

3.45          0.18 

7,600 

1.52       10,944,000      0.09 

3.49     !     0.19 

7,700          1.56     ;  11,088,000      0.10 

3.54 

0.19 

7,800 

1.60     '11,232,000      0.10 

3.59 

0.20      ;    7,900          1.64       11,376,000      0.10 

3.63 

0.20          8,000          1.69       11,520,000      0.10 

3.68 

0.21 

8,100 

1.73       11,664,000      0.11 

3.72 

0.22 

8,200 

1.77       11,808,000 

0.11 

3.77 

0.22         8,300 

1.81       11,952,000 

0.11 

3.81 

0.23      i    8,400          1.86     i  12,096,000 

0.11 

3.86 

0.23          8,500    |      1.90       12,240,000 

0.12 

3.90 

0.24          8,600 

1.95       12,384,000  ;    0.12 

3.95 

0.24 

8,700 

1.99       12,528,000      0.12 

3.99 

0.25 

8,800 

2.04     112,672,000!    0.13 

4.04 

0.25 

8,900 

2.09       12,816,000      0.13 

4.09 

0.26 

9,000 

2.13 

12,  960,  000  |    0.13 

4.13 

0.27 

9,100 

2.18 

13,104,000 

0.13 

4.18 

0.27 

9,200 

2.23 

13,248,000 

0.14 

4.22 

0.28 

9,300 

2.28 

13,392,000 

0.14 

4.27 

0.28     ' 

9,400 

2.33 

13,536,000 

0.14 

4.31 

0.29 

9,500 

2.38 

13,680,000 

0.15 

4.36 

0.30 

9,600 

2.43 

13,824,000 

0.15 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     145 


DIAMETEE  THIETY  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
pel- 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 

Orifice  of 
Influx. 

4.40 

0.30 

9,700 

2.48 

13,968,000 

0.15 

4.45 

0.31 

(.),soo  !      2.53 

14,112,000 

0.16 

4.49 

0.31 

9,!  MM)        2.5s 

14,256,000 

0.16 

4.54 

0.32 

10,000 

2.63       14,400,000 

0.16 

4.58 

0.33 

10,100 

a.69 

14,544,000 

0.16 

4.63 

0.33 

10,200 

2.74 

14,688,000 

0.17 

4.68 

0.34 

10,300 

2.79 

14,832,000 

0.17 

4.72 

0.35 

10,400 

2.85 

14,976,000 

0.17 

4.77 

0.35 

10,500 

2.90 

15,120,000 

0.18 

4.81 

0.36 

10,600 

2.96 

15,264,000 

0.18 

4.86 

0.37 

10,700 

3.02 

15,408,000 

0.19 

4.90 

0.37 

10,800 

3.07 

15,552,000 

0.19 

4.95 

0.38 

10,900 

3.13 

15,696,000 

0.19 

4.99 

0.39 

11,000 

3.19 

15,840,000 

0.20 

5.04 

0.39 

11,100 

3.25 

15,984,000 

0.20 

5.08 

0.40 

11,200 

3.30 

16,128,000 

0.20 

5.13 

0.41 

11,300 

3.36 

16,272,000 

0.21 

5.17 

0.42 

11,400 

3.42 

16,416,000 

0.21 

5.22 

0.42 

11,500 

3.48 

16,560,000 

0.21 

5.27 

0.43 

11,600 

3.54 

16,704,000 

0/2-2 

5.31 

0.44 

11,700 

3.61 

16,848,000 

0.22 

5.36 

0.45 

11,800 

3.67 

16,992,000 

0.23 

5.40 

0.45 

11,900 

3.73 

17,136,000      0.23 

5.45 

0.46 

12,000 

3.79 

17,280,000      0.23 

146     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  THIRTY  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 

this 
Telocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 

Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

3.86 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

5.49 

0.47 

12,100 

17,424,000 

0.24 

5.54 

0.48 

12,200 

3.92       17,568,000      0.24 

5.58 

0.48 

12,300 

3.98 

17,712,000 

0.24 

5.63 

0.49 

12,400 

4.05 

17,856,000 

0.25 

5.67 

0.50 

12,500 

4.12 

18,000,000      0.25 

5.72 

0.51 

12,600 

4.18 

18,144,000 

0.26 

5.76 

0.52 

12,700        4.25 

18,288,000 

0.26 

5.81 

0.52 

12,800 

4.32 

18,432,000 

0.  26 

5.86 

0.53 

12,900 

4.38 

18,576,000 

0.27 

5.90 

0.54 

13,000 

4.45 

18,720,000=    0.27 

5.95 

0.55 

13,100 

4.52 

18,864,000      0.28 

5.99 

0.56 

13,200 

4.59 

19,008,000 

0.28 

6.04 

0.57 

13,300 

4.66 

19,152,000 

0.29 

6.08 

0.58 

13,400 

4.73 

19,296,000 

0.29 

6.13 

0.58 

13,500 

4.80 

19,440,000 

0.29 

6.17 

0.59 

13,600 

4.87 

19,584,000 

0.30 

6.22 

0.60 

13,700 

4.94 

19,728,000 

0.30 

6.26 

0.61 

13,800 

5.02 

19,872,000 

0.31 

6.31 

0.62 

13,900 

5.09 

20,016,000 

0.31 

6.35 

0.63 

34,000 

5.16 

20,  160,000  1    0.32 

6.40 

0.64 

14,100 

5.24 

20,304,000      0.32 

6.45 

0.65 

14,200 

5.31 

20,448,0001    0.33 

6.49 

0.65 

14,300 

5.39 

20,592,000  I    0.33 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      147 


DIAMETEE  THIETY-SIX  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
pei- 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 

this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 

1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.03 

0.00             100          0.00            144,000 

0.00 

0.06 

0.00 

200 

0.00           288,000 

0.00 

0.09 

0.00 

300 

0.00           432,000 

0.00 

0.13 

0.00 

400 

0.00 

576,000 

0.00 

0.16 

0.00 

500 

0.01 

720,000 

0.00 

0.19 

0.00 

600 

0.01 

864,000 

0.00 

0.22 

0.00 

700 

0.01 

1,008,000 

0.00 

0.25 

0.00 

800 

0.01 

1,152,000 

0.00 

0.28 

0.00 

900 

0.01 

1,296,000 

0.00 

0.32 

0.00 

1,000 

0.02 

1,440,000 

0.00 

0.35 

0.00 

1,100 

0.02 

1,584,000 

0.00 

0.38 

0.00 

1,200 

0.02 

1,728,000 

0.00 

0.41 

0.00 

1,300 

0.02 

1,872,000 

0.00 

0.44 

0.00 

1,400 

0.02 

2,016,000 

0.00 

0.47 

0.00 

1,500 

0.02 

2,160,000 

0.00 

0.50 

0.00 

1,600 

0.03 

2,304,000       0.00 

0.54 

0.00 

1,700 

0.03 

2,448,000 

0.00 

0.57 

0.00 

1,800 

0.03 

2,592,000  i    0.00 

0.60 

0.01 

1,900 

0.04 

2,736,000       0.00 

0.63 

0.01 

2,000 

0.04 

2,880,OCO  j    0.00 

o.<;<; 

0.01 

2,100 

0.05 

3,024,000  1    0.00 

0.69           0.01 

2,200          0.05 

3,168,000       0.00 

0.72          0.01 

2,300 

0.06 

3,312,000 

0.00 

0.76 

0.01 

2,400 

0.06 

3,456,000 

0.00 

148     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  THIKTY-SIX  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
.per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.79          0.01          2,500         0.07      I  3,600,000       0.00 

0.82 

0.01 

2,600 

0.07         3,744,000       0.01 

0.85 

0.01 

2,700 

0.08        3,888,000  !    0.01 

0.88 

0.01 

2,800 

0.08         4,032,000 

0.01 

0.91 

0.01 

2,900 

0.09         4,176,000 

0.01 

0.95 

0.01 

3,000 

0.09      ;  4,320,000 

0.01 

0.98 

0.01 

3,100  , 

0.10         4,464,000 

0.01 

1.01 

0.02 

3,200 

0.11 

4,608,000 

0.01 

1.04 

0.02 

3,300 

0.11 

4,752,000 

0.01 

1.07 

0.02 

3,400 

0.12 

4,896,000 

0.01 

1,10 

0.02 

3,500 

0.13 

5,040,000 

0.01 

1.13 

0.02 

3,600 

0.14 

5,184,000 

0.01 

1.17 

0.02 

3,700 

0.14 

5,328,000 

0.01 

1.20 

0.02 

3,800 

0.15 

5,472,000 

0.01 

1.23 

0.02 

3,900 

0.16 

5,616,000 

0.01 

1.26 

0.02 

4,000 

0.17 

5,760,000 

0.01 

1.29 

0.03 

4,100 

0.18 

5,904,000 

0.01 

1.32 

0.03 

4,200 

0.19 

6,048,000 

0.01 

1.36 

0.03 

4,300 

0.19 

6,192,000 

0.01 

1.39 

0.03 

4,400 

0.20 

6,336,000 

0,02 

1.42 

0.03 

4,500 

0.21 

6,48Q,000 

0.02 

1.45 

0.03 

4,600 

0.22 

6,624,000 

0.02 

1.48 

0.03 

4,700 

0.23 

6,768,000 

0.02 

1.51 

0.04 

4,800 

0.24 

6,912,000 

0.02 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      149 


DIAMETER  THIRTY-SIX  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours.     1 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

1.54           0.04 

4,900 

0.25 

7,056,000 

0.02 

1.58           0.04 

5,000 

0.26 

7,200,000 

0.02 

1.61 

0.04 

5,100 

0.27         7,344,000 

0.02 

1.64          0.04 

5,  -200 

0.28        7,488,000 

0.02 

1.67          0.04 

5,300 

0.30         7,632,000 

0.02 

1.70          0.05 

5,400 

0.31 

7,776,000 

0.02 

1.73          0.05 

5,500 

0.32 

7,920,000 

0.02 

1.77          0.05 

5,600 

0.33 

8,064,000 

0.02 

1.80           0.05 

5,700 

0.34         8,208,000 

0.03 

1.83           0.05 

5,800 

0.35         8,352,000 

0.03 

1.86           0.05 

5,900 

0.37         8,41)6,000 

0.03 

1.89           0.06 

6,000 

0.38         8,640,000 

0.03 

1.92          0.06 

6,100 

0.39         8,784,000 

0.03 

1.95 

0.06 

6,200 

0.40         8,928,000 

0.03 

1.99 

0.06 

6,300 

0.42 

9,072,000 

0.03 

2.02 

0.06 

6,400 

0.43 

9,216,000 

0.03 

2.05 

0.07 

6,500 

0.44 

9,360,000 

0.03 

2.08 

0.07 

6,600 

0.46 

9,504,000 

0.03 

2.11 

0.07 

6,700 

0.47 

9,648,000 

0.04 

2.14 

0.07 

6,800 

0.49 

9,792,000 

0.04 

2.17 

0.07 

6,900 

0.50 

9,936,000 

0.04 

2.21 

0.08 

7,000 

0.52 

10,080,000 

0.04 

2.24 

0.08 

7,100 

0.53 

10,224,000 

0.04 

2.27 

0.08 

7,200 

0.55 

10,368,000 

0.04 

150     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  THIETY-SIX  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 

this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.S. 

Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  duo 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

2.30 

0.08 

7,300 

0.56 

10,512,000 

0.04 

2.33 

0.08 

7,400 

0.58 

10,656,000 

0.04 

2.36 

0.09 

7,500 

0.59 

10,800,000 

0.04 

2.40 

0.09 

7,600 

0.61 

10,944,000 

0.05 

2.43 

0.09 

7,700 

0.62 

11,088,000 

0.05 

2.46 

0.09 

7,800 

0.64 

11,232,000 

0.05 

2.49 

0.10 

7,900 

0.66 

11,376,000 

0.05 

2.52 

0.10 

8,000 

0.67 

11,520,000 

0.05 

2.55 

0.10 

8,100 

0.69 

11,664,000 

0.05 

2.58 

0.10 

8,200 

0.71 

11,808,000 

0.05 

2.62 

0.11 

8,300 

0.73 

11,952,000 

0.05 

2.65 

0.11 

8,400 

0.74 

12,096,000 

0.06 

2.68 

0.11 

8,500 

0.76 

12,240,000 

0.06 

2.71 

0.11 

8,600 

0.78 

12,384,000 

0.06 

2.74 

0.12 

8,700 

0.80 

12,528,000 

0.06 

2.77 

0.12 

8,800 

0.82 

12,672,000 

0.06 

2.81 

0.12 

8,900 

0.83 

12,816,000 

0.06 

2.84 

0.13 

9,000 

0.85 

12,960,000 

0.06 

2.87 

0.13 

9,100 

0.87 

13,104,000 

0.06 

2.90 

0.13 

9,200 

0.89 

13,248,000 

0.07 

2.93 

0.13 

9,300 

0.91 

13,392,000 

0.07 

2.96 

0.14 

9,400 

0.93 

13,536,000 

0.07 

2,99 

0.14 

9,500 

0.95 

13,680,000 

0.07 

3.03 

0.14 

9,600 

0.97 

13,824,000 

0.07 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     151 


DIAMETER  THIETY-SIX  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
pei- 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.07 

3.0(5 

0.15 

9,700 

0.99. 

13,968,000 

3.09 

0.15 

9,800 

1.01 

14,112,000 

0.07 

3.12          0.15 

9,900 

1.03 

14,256,000 

0.08 

3.15 

0.15 

10,000 

1.05 

14,400,000 

0.08 

3.18 

0.16 

10,100 

1.07 

14,544,000 

0.08 

3.22 

0.16 

10,200 

1.10 

14,688,000 

0.08 

3.25 

0.16 

10,300 

1.12 

14,832,000 

0.08 

3.28 

0.17 

10,400 

1.14 

14,976,000 

0.08 

3.31 

0.17 

10,500 

1.16 

15,120,000 

0.09 

3.34 

0.17 

10,600 

1.18 

15,264,000 

0.09 

3.37 

0.18 

10,700 

1.21 

15,408,000 

0.09 

3.40 

0.18 

10,800 

1.23 

15,552,000 

0.09 

3.44 

0.18 

10,900 

1.25 

15,696,000 

0.09 

3.47 

0.  19 

11,000 

1.27 

15,840,000 

0.09 

3.50 

0.19 

11,100 

1.30 

15,984,000 

0.10 

3.53 

0.19 

11,200        1.32 

-16,128,000 

0.10 

3.5G 

0.21) 

11,300        1.34 

16,272,000      0.10 

3.59 

0.20 

11,400        1.37 

16,416,000      0.10 

3.62 

0.20 

11,500  :      1.39 

16,560,000      0.10 

3.CG          0.21 

11,600        1.42 

16,704,000      0.11 

3.69     i     0.21 

11,700 

1.44 

16,848,000 

0  11 

3.72 

0.22 

11,800 

1.47 

16,992,000 

0.11 

3.75 

0.22 

11,900 

1.49 

17,136,000 

0.11 

3.78 

0.22 

12,000        1.52 

17,280,000 

0.11 

152     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEK  TEIBTY-SIX  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 

loocfrt. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

3.81 

0.23 

12,100 

1.54 

17,424,000 

0.11 

3.85 

0.23 

12,200 

1.57 

17,568,000 

0.12 

3.88 

0.23 

12,300 

1.59 

17,712,000 

0.12 

3.91 

0.24 

12,400 

1.62 

17,856,000 

0.12 

3.94: 

0.24 

12,500 

1.64 

18,000,000 

0.12 

3.97 

0.25 

12,600 

1.67 

18,144,000 

0.12 

4.00 

0.25 

12,700 

1.70 

18,288,000 

0.13 

4.03 

0.25 

12,800 

1.72 

18,432,000 

0.13 

4.07 

0.26 

12,900 

1.75 

18,576,000 

0.13 

4.10 

0.26 

13,000 

1.78 

18,720,000 

0.13 

4.13 

0.27 

13,100 

1.81 

18,864,000 

0.13 

4.16 

0.27 

13,200 

1.83 

19,008,000 

0.14 

4.19 

0.27 

13,300 

1.86 

19,152,000 

0.14 

4.22 

0.28 

13,400 

1.89 

19,296,000 

0.14 

4.26 

0.28 

13,500 

1.92 

19,440,000 

Q.H 

4.29 

0.29 

13,600 

1.95 

19,584,000 

0.14 

4.32 

0.29 

13,700 

1.98 

19,728,000 

0.15 

4.35 

0.29 

13,800 

2.01 

19,872,000 

0.15 

4.38 

0.30 

13,900 

2.03 

20,016,000 

0.15 

4.41 

0.30 

14,000 

2.06 

20,160,000 

0.15 

4.44 

0.31 

14,100 

2.09 

20,304,000 

0.16 

4.48 

0.31 

14,200 

2.12 

20,448,000 

0.16 

4.51 

0.32 

14,300 

2.15 

20,592,000 

0.16 

4.54 

0.32 

14,400 

2.18 

20,736,000 

0.16 

FRICTION  OP  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      153 


DIAMETEK  THIRTY-SIX  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
pei- 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 

this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  II.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

14,500 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

2.21 

Discharge 

in  II.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

20,  880,  (MM) 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

4.57           0.32 

0.16 

4.60           0.33         14,600         2.  '24     :  21,024,000      0.17 

4.63           0.33         14,700         2.28 

21,168,000       0.17 

4,r>0           0.34         14,  SOO  ;      2.31 

21,312,000      0.17 

4.70           0.34         14,1)00         2.34 

21,456,000      0.17 

4.73           0.35         15,000         2.37 

21,600,000      0.1S 

4.70           0.35         15,100         2.40 

21,744,000      0.1S 

4.70           0.30         15,200  I      2.43 

21,888,000      0.1* 

4.82           0.3C)         15,300  ;      2.40 

22,032,000      0.18 

4.85 

0.37          15,400 

2.50 

22,176,000      O.IK 

4.89 

0.37 

15,500 

2.53 

22,320,000      0.19 

4.92 

0.38 

15,600 

2.56 

22,464,000      0.19 

4.95 

0.38 

15,700 

2.60 

22,608,000      0.19 

4.98 

0.39 

15,800 

2.63 

22,752,000 

0.19 

5.01 

0.39 

15,1)00 

2.66 

22,896,000 

0.20 

5.04 

0.40 

16,000 

2.70 

23,040,000 

0.20 

5.07 

0.40 

16,100 

2.73 

23,184,000 

0.20 

5.11 

0.41 

16,200 

2.76 

23,328,000 

0.20 

5.14 

0.41 

16,300 

2.80 

23,472,000,    0.21 

5.17 

0.42 

16,400 

2.83 

23,616,000      0.21 

5.20 

0  42 

16,500 

2.87 

23,  760,  000  i     0.21 

5.23 

0.43 

16,600 

2.90 

23,904,000      0.21 

5.26 

0.43 

16,700 

2.94 

24,048,000      0.22 

5.30 

0.44 

16,800 

2.97 

24,192,000      0.22 

154     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


JDIAMETEE  THIETY-SIX  INCH. 


Mean        Head   in    ,,.     ,                Los*  of 

Loss  of 

YeW-ity 

Ft.  rt-          »^u»*i5«     Head  iu 

Head  in 

of  Water 

quired  to      ("n'  ^     Ft.  duo  to  .      l?ftiions 

Ft.  due 

in  Ft. 

produce.                            Friction,  ; 

to  the 

per              this                ^'t:i                 per 

Orifice  of 

Second.   !  Velocity.                 U  °'        1000  Ft.         "           aiS'      1    Influx. 

5.33           0.44         16,900        3.01      :  24,336,000 

0.22 

5.3(5           0.45         17,000        3.04       24,480,000 

0.23 

5.39           0.45         17,100        3.08 

24,624,000 

0.23 

5.42           0.46 

17,200  i     3.11 

24,768,000 

0.23 

5.  45 

0.46 

17,300  |.    3.15 

24,912,000 

0.23 

5.48 

0.47 

17,400 

3.19 

25,056,000 

0.24 

5.52 

0.47        17,500 

3.22 

25,200,000 

0.24 

5.55 

0.48        17,600 

3.26 

25,344,000 

0.24 

5.58 

0.48         17,700 

3.30 

25,488,000 

0.24 

5.61 

0.49 

17,800 

3.34 

25,632,000 

0.25 

5.64 

0.49 

17,900 

3.37 

25,776,000 

0.25 

5.67 

0.50 

18,000 

3.41 

25,920,000 

0.25 

5.71 

0.51 

18,100        3.45 

26,064,000 

0.26 

5.74 

0.51 

18,200        3.49 

26,208,000 

0.26 

5.77 

0.52 

18,300        3.53 

26,352,000 

0.26 

5.80 

0.52 

18,400       3.56      !  26,496,000 

0.26 

5.83 

0.53 

18,500 

3.60      ^  26,  640,  000 

0.27 

5.S6 

0.53 

18,600 

3.64      '26,784,000 

0.27 

5.89 

0.54 

18,700 

3.68       26,928,000 

0.27 

5.93 

0.55 

18,800 

3.72      j  27,  072,  000 

0.28 

5.1)6 

0.55 

18,900 

3.76 

27,216,000 

0.28 

5.99 

0.56 

19,000 

3.80 

27,360,000 

0.28 

C.02 

0.56 

19,100 

3.84 

27,504,000 

0.28 

6.05 

0.57 

19,200 

3.88 

27,648,000 

0.29 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  THIRTY-SIX  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
inU.  & 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 

in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 

to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

6.08 

0.58 

19,300 

3.92, 

27,792,000      0.29 

6.11 

0.58 

19,400 

3.96 

27,936,000      0.29 

6.15 

0.59 

19,500 

4.00 

28,080,000      0.30 

6.18 

0.59 

19,600 

4.04 

28,224,000      0.30 

6.21 

0.60 

19,700 

4.09 

28,368,000 

0.30 

6.24 

0.61 

19,800 

4.13 

28,512,000 

0.31 

6.27 

0.61 

19,900 

4.17 

28,656,000 

0.31 

6.30 

0.62 

20,000 

4.21 

28,800,000 

0.31 

156    FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 

DIAMETEE  POKTY-EIGHT  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
pel- 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
10(10  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 

to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.04 

0.00             200           0.00            288,000 

0.00 

0.07 

0.00 

400          0.00           576,000 

0.00 

0.11 

0.00 

600 

0.00 

864,000 

0.00 

0.14 

0.00 

800 

0.00 

1,152,000 

0.00 

0.1S           0.00 

1,000 

0.01 

1,440,000 

0.00 

0.21           0.00 

1,200 

0.01 

1,728,000 

0.00 

0.25 

0.00 

1,400 

0.01 

2,016,000       0.00 

0.28 

0.00         1,600 

0.01 

2,304,000       0.00 

0.32 

0.00 

1,800 

0.01 

2,592,000       0.00 

0.35 

0.00 

2,000         0  01 

2,880,000 

0.00 

0.39 

0.00 

2,200    |      0.01 

3,168,000 

0.00 

0.43 

0.00 

2,400          0.01 

3,456,000 

0.00 

0.46 

0.00 

2,600          0.02 

3,744,000 

0.00 

0.50 

0.00 

2,800 

0.02 

4,032,000 

0.00 

0.53 

0.00 

3,000          0.02 

4,320,000 

0.00 

0.57 

0.01 

3,200          0.03 

4,608,000 

0.00 

0.60 

0.01 

3,400          0.03 

4,896,000 

0.00 

0.64 

0.01 

3,600          0.03 

5,184,000 

0.00 

0.67 

0.01 

3,800    !      0.04 

5,472,000 

0.00 

0.71 

0.01          4,000     J      0.04 

5,760,000  1    0.00 

0.74 

0.01         4,200          0.04 

6,048,000 

0.00 

0.78 

0.01     i    4,400 

0.05 

6,336,000       0.00 

0.82 

0.01         4,600 

0.05 

6,624,000       0.01 

0.85 

0.01         4,800 

0.06 

6,912,000       0.01 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     157 


DIAMETER  FORTY-EIGHT  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  "Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 

to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.89            0.01 

5,000 

0.06 

7,200,000 

0.01 

0.1)2           0.01 

5,200 

0.07   ' 

7,488,000 

0.01 

0.9G           0.01 

5,400 

0.07 

7,776,000 

0.01 

0.99           0.02 

5,600 

0.08 

8,064,000 

0.01 

1.1)8           0.02 

5,800 

0.08 

8,352,000 

0.01 

1.06 

0.02 

6,000 

0.09 

8,640,000 

001 

1.10 

0.02 

6,200 

0.10 

8,928,000 

0.01 

L.13          0.02         MOO 

0.10         9,216,000 

0.01 

1.17        0.02       6,6oo 

0.11 

9,504,000 

0.01 

1.21 

0.02 

6,800 

0.11 

9,792,000 

0.01 

1.24 

0.02 

7,000 

0.12 

10,080,000 

0.01 

1.28 

0.03 

7,200 

0.13 

10,368,000 

0.01 

1.31 
1.35 

0.03 
0.03 

7,400 
7,600 

0.14 
0.14 

10,656,000 
10,944,000 

0.01 
0.01 

1.38 

0.03 

7,800 

0.15 

11,232,000 

0.02 

1.42 

0.03 

8,000 

0.16 

11,520,000 

0.02 

1.45 

0.03 

8,200 

0.17 

11,808,000 

0.02 

1.49 

0.03 

8,400 

0.18 

12,096,000 

0.02 

1.52 

0.04 

8,600 

0.18 

12,384,000 

0.02 

1.56 

0.04 

8,800 

0.19 

12,672,000 

0.02 

1.60 

0.04 

9,000 

0.20 

12,960,000 

0.02 

1.63 

0.04 

9,200 

0.21 

13,248,000 

0.02 

1.67 

0.04 

9,400 

0.22 

13,536,000 

0.02 

1.70 

0.05 

9,600 

0.23 

13,824,000 

0.02 

158     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  FORTY-EIGHT  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
ofWater 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.0-2 

1.74 

0.05 

9,800 

0.24 

14,112,000 

1.77 

1.81 

0.05 
0.05 

10,000 
10,200 

0.25 
0.26 

14,400,000 
14,688,000 

0.02 

0.03 

1.84 

0.05 

10,400        0.27 

14,976,000 

0.03 

1.88 

0.05 

10,600 

0.28 

15,264,000 

0.03 

1.91 

0.06 

10,800 

0.29 

15,552,000 

0.03 

1.95          0.06 

11,000 

0.30 

15,840,000 

0.03 

1.99 

0.06 

11,200 

0.31 

16,128,000 

0.03 

2.02 
2.06 
2.09 

0.06 
0.07 
0.07 

11,400 
11,600 
11,800 

0.32 
0.33 
0.35 

16,416,000 
16,704,000 
16,992,000 

0.03 
0.03 
0.03 

2.13 

0.07 

12,000 

0.36 

17,280,000 

0.04 

2.16 

0.07 

12,200 

0.37 

17,568,000 

0.04 

2.20 

0.08 

12,400 

0.38 

17,856,000 

0.04 

2.23 

0.08 

12,600 

0.39 

18,144,000 

0.04 

2.27 

0.08 

12,800 

0.41 

18,432,000 

0.04 

2.30 
2.34 

0.08 
0.09 

13,000 
13,200 

0.42 
0.43 

18,720,000 
19,008,000 

0.04 
0.04 

2.38 

0.09 

13,400        0.45 

19,296,000 

0.04 

2.41 

0.09 

13,600        0.46 

19,584,000 

0.05 

2.45 

0.09      1    13,800 

0.47 

19,872,000 

Q.05 

2.48 

0.10 

14,000 

0.49 

20,160,000 

().();"> 

2.52 

0.10 

14,200 

0.50 

20,448,000 

<>.(lf> 

2.55 

0.10 

14,400 

0.51 

20,736,000 

0.05 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     159 


DIAMETER  FOKTY-EIGHT  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

H«-ad  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1UOO  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

2.59 

0.10 

14,600        0.53 

21,024,000 

0.05 

2.62 

0.11 

14,800        0.54 

21,312,000 

0.05 

2.66 

0.11 

15,000        0.56 

21,600,000 

0.06 

2.70 

0.11 

15,200        0.57 

21,888,000 

0.06 

2.73 

0.12 

15,400 

0.59 

22,176,000 

0.06 

2.77 

0.12 

15,600 

0.60 

22,464,000 

0.06 

2.80 

0.12 

15,800 

0.62 

22,752,000 

0.06 

2.84 

0.13 

16,000 

0.64 

23,040,000 

0.06 

2.87 

0.13 

16,200 

0.65 

23,328,000 

0.06 

2-91 

0.13 

16,400 

0.67 

23,616,000 

0.07 

2.94 

0.13 

16,600 

0.68 

23,904,000 

0.07 

2.98 

0.14 

16,800 

0.70 

24,192,000 

0.07 

a  01 

0.14 

17,000 

0.72 

24,480,000 

0.07 

3.05 

0.14 

17,200 

0.73 

24,768,000 

0.07 

3.09 

0.15 

17,400        0.75 

25,056,000 

0.07 

3.12 

0.15 

17,600        0.77 

25,344,000 

0.08 

3.16 

0.15 

17,800        0.79 

25,632,000 

0.08 

3.19 

0.16 

18,000  !     0.80 

25,920,000 

0.08 

3.23 

0.16 

18,200        0.82 

26,208,000 

0.08 

3.26 

0.17 

18,400  :     0.84 

26,496,000 

0.08 

3.30 

0.17 

18,600        0.86 

26,784,000 

0.09 

3.33 

0.17 

18,800        0.88 

27,072,000 

0.09 

3.37 

0.18 

19,000        0.90 

27,360,000 

0.09 

3.40 

0.18 

19,200 

0.91 

27,648,000 

0.09 

160     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  FOKTY-EiaHT  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
pel- 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

3.44 

0.18 

19,400 

0.93 

27,936,000 

0.09 

3.48 

0.19 

19,600 

0.95 

28,224,000 

0.09 

3.51 

0.19 

19,800 

0.97 

28,512,000 

0.10 

3.55 

0.20 

20,000 

0.99 

28,800,000 

0.10 

3.58 

0.20 

20,200 

1.01 

29,088,000 

0.10 

3.62 

0.20 

20,400        1.03 

29,376,000 

0.10 

3.65 

0.21 

20,600        1.05 

29,664,000 

0.10 

3.69 

0.21 

20,800        1.07 

29,952,000 

0.11 

3.72 

0.22      ;    21,000        1.09 

30,240,000 

0.11 

3.76 

0.22         21,200 

1.12 

30,528,000 

0.11 

3.79 

0.22         21,400 

1.14 

30,816,000 

0.11 

3.83 

0.23      j    21,600 

1.16 

31,104,000 

0.12 

3.87 

0.23 

21,800 

1.18 

31,392,000 

0.12 

3.90 

0.24 

22,000 

1.20 

31,680,000 

0.12 

3.94 

0.24 

22,200 

1.22 

31,968,000 

0.12 

3.97 

0.25 

22,400 

1.25 

32,256,000 

0.12 

4.01 

0.25 

22,600 

1.27 

32,544,000 

0.13 

4.04 

0.25 

22,800 

1.29 

32,832,000 

0.13 

4.08 

0.26      !    23,000 

1.31     ;  33,  120,000 

0.13 

4.11 

0.26         23,200 

1.34 

33,408,000      0.13 

4.15 

0.27 

23,400 

1.36 

33,696,000 

0.14 

4.18 

0.27 

23,600 

1.38 

33,984,000 

0.14 

4.22 

0.28 

23,800 

1.41 

34,272,000 

0.14 

4.26 

0.28 

24,000 

1.43 

34,560,000 

0.14 

FRICTION  OP  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     161 


DIAMETEE  POETY-EIGHT  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 

pel- 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
inU.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

4.29          0.29 

24,200 

1.45. 

34,848,000 

0.14 

4.33 

0.29 

24,400 

1.48 

35,136,000 

0.15 

4.3G 

0.30 

24,600 

1.50 

35,424,000 

0.15 

4.40 

0.30 

24,800 

1.53 

35,712,000 

0.15 

4.43 

0.31 

25,000 

1.55 

36,000,000 

0.15 

4.47 

0.31 

25,200 

1.58 

36,288,000 

0.16 

4.50 

0.32 

25,400 

1.60 

36,576,000 

0.16 

4.54 

0.32 

25,600 

1.63 

36,864,000 

0.16 

4.57 

0.33 

25,800 

1.65 

37,152,000 

0.16 

4.61 

0.33 

26,000 

1.68 

37,440,000 

0.17 

4.65 

0.34 

26,200 

1.70 

37,728,000 

0.17 

4.68 

0.34 

26,400 

1.73 

38,016,000 

0.17 

4.72 

0.35 

26,600 

1.76 

38,304,000 

0.17 

4.75 

0.35 

26,800 

1.78 

38,592,000 

0.18 

4.79 

0.36 

27,000 

1.83 

38,880,000 

0.18 

4.82 

0.36 

27,200 

1.84 

39,168,000 

0.18 

4.86 

0.37 

27,400 

1.86 

39,456,000 

0.19 

4.89 

0.37 

27,600 

1.89 

39,744,000 

0.19 

4.93 

0.38 

27,800 

1.92 

40,032,000 

0.19 

4.96 

0.38 

28,000 

1.95 

40,320,000 

0,19 

5.00 

0.39 

28,200 

1.97 

40,608,000 

0.20 

.5.04 

0.39 

28,400 

2.00 

40,896,000 

0.20 

5.07 

0.40 

2S,  (',()() 

2.03 

41,184,000 

0.20 

5.11 

0.41 

28,800 

2.06 

41,472,000 

0.20 

162     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEK  POETY-EIGHT  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

5.14 

0.41 

29,000 

2.09       41,760,000 

0.21 

5.18 

0.42 

29,200 

2.12       42,048,000 

0.21 

5.21 

0.42 

29,400 

2.14     1  42,  336,  000 

0.21 

5.25 

0.43 

29,600 

2.17       42,624,000 

0.22 

5.28 

0.43 

29,800 

2.20     :  42,912,000 

0.22 

5.32 

0.44 

30,000 

2.23 

43,200,000 

0.22 

5.35 

0.45 

30,200 

2.26 

43,488,000 

0.23 

5.39 

0.45 

30,400 

2.29 

43,776,000 

0.23 

5.43 

0.46 

30,600 

2.32 

44,064,000      0.23 

5.40 

0.46 

30,800 

2.35 

44,352,000 

0.23 

5.50 

0.47 

31,000 

2.38 

44,640,000 

0.24 

5.53 

0.48 

31,200 

2.42 

44,928,000 

0.24 

5.57 

0.48 

31,400 

2.45 

45,216,000 

0.24 

5.60 

0.49 

31,600 

2.48       45,504,000 

0.25 

5.64 

0.49 

31,800 

2.51       45,792,000 

0.25 

5.67 

0.50         32,000 

2.54 

46,080,000 

0.25 

5.71 

0.51         32,200 

2.57 

46,368,000 

0.26 

5.74          0.51 

32,400 

2.60 

46,656,000 

0.26 

5.78 

0.52 

32,600 

2.64 

46,944,000 

0.26 

5.82 

0.53 

32,800 

2.67 

47,232,000 

0.27 

5.85 

0.53 

33,000 

2.70 

47,520,000 

0.27 

5.89 

0.54 

33,200        2.74 

47,808,000 

0.27 

5.92 

0.55 

33,400 

2.77 

48,096,000 

0.28 

5.96 

0.55 

33,600 

2.80 

48,384,000 

0.28 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     163 

DIAMETEE  FOETY-EIGHT  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
pel- 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 

lOooW 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 

24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

5.99 

0.56 

33,800 

2.83  ' 

48,672,000 

0.28 

0.03 

0.56 

34,000 

2.87 

48,960,000 

0.29 

6.06 

0.57 

34,200 

2.90 

49,248,000 

0.29 

6.10 

0.58 

34,400 

2.94 

49,536,000 

0.29 

6.13 

0.59 

34,600 

2.97 

49,824,000 

0.30 

6.17 

0.59 

34,800 

3.01 

50,112,000 

0.30 

6.21 

0.60 

35,000 

3.04 

50,400,000 

0.30 

164     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 

DIAMETEE  SIXTY  INGE. 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  s. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due.to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Lo  ss  of 
He  ad  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.05 

0.00 

400 

0.001 

576,000 

0.00 

0.09 

0.00 

800 

0.002 

1,152,000 

0.00 

0.14 

0.00 

1,200 

0.003 

1,728,000 

0.00 

0.18 

0.00 

1,600 

0.004 

2,304,000 

0.00 

0.23 

0.00 

2,000 

0.006 

2,880,000 

0.00 

0.27 

0.00         2,400 

0.008 

3,456,000 

0.00 

0.32 

0.00 

2,800 

0.010 

4,032,000 

0.00 

0.36 

0.00 

3,200 

0.010 

4,  608,  000  :    0.00 

0.41 

0.00 

3,600 

0.010 

5,184,000 

0.00 

0.45 

0.00 

4,000 

0.013 

5,760,000 

0.00 

0.50 

0.00 

4,400 

0.016 

6,336,000 

0.00 

0.54 

0.00 

4,800 

0.019 

6,912,000 

0.00 

0.59 

0.01 

5,200 

0.022 

7,488,000 

0.00 

0.64 

0.01 

5,600 

0.025 

8,064,000 

0.00 

0.68 

0.01 

6,000 

0.029 

8,640,000 

0.00 

0.73 

0.01 

6,400 

0.033 

9,216,000 

0.00 

0.77 

0.01 

6,800 

0.037 

9,792,000 

0.00 

0.82 

0.01 

7,200 

0.042 

10,368,000 

0.01 

0.86 

0.01 

7,600 

0.047 

10,944,000      0.01 

0.91 

0.01 

8,000 

0.052 

11,520,000 

0.01 

0.95 

0.01 

8,400 

0.057 

12,096,000 

0.01 

1.00 

0.02 

8,800 

0.063 

12,672,000 

0.01 

1.04 

0.02 

9,200 

0.069 

13,248,000 

0.01 

1.09 

0.02 

9,600 

0.075 

13,824,000 

0.01 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      165 


DIAMETEK  SIXTY  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
pei- 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 

Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

1.13 

0.02 

10,000 

o.oai 

14,400,000 

0.01 

1.18 

0.02 

10,400 

o.oss 

14,97'),  (MM) 

0.01 

1.23 

0.02 

10,800 

0.094 

15,552,000 

0.01 

1.27 

0.03 

11,200 

0.10-2 

10,128,000 

0.01 

1.32 

0.03 

11,600 

0.  101) 

1(5,704,000 

0.01 

1.36 

0.03 

1-2,000 

0.117 

17,280,000 

0.01 

1.41 

0.03 

12,400 

0.124 

17,856,000 

0.02 

1.45 

0.03 

12,800 

0.133 

18,432,000 

0.0-2 

1.50 

0.03 

13,200 

0.141 

19,008,000 

0.0-2 

1.54 

0.04 

13,600 

0.150 

19,584,000 

0.02 

1.59 

0.04 

14,000 

0.159 

20,160,000 

0.02 

1.63 
1.68 
1.72 

0.04 
0.04 
0.05 

14,400 
14,800 
15,200 

0.168 
0.177 
0.187 

20,736,000 
21,312,000 

21,888,000 

0.02 
0.02. 
0.02 

1.77 

0.05 

15,600 

0.197 

22,464,000 

0.02 

1.82 

0.05 

16,000 

0.207 

23,040,000 

0.03 

1.86 

0.05 

16,400 

0.218 

23,616,000 

0.03 

i.9i 

0.06 

16,800 

0.229 

24,192,000 

0.03 

1.95 

0.06 

17,200 

0.240 

24,768,000 

0.03 

2.00 

0.06 

17,600 

0.251 

25,344,000 

o.oa 

2.04 

0.06 

18,000 

0.262 

25,920,000 

o.oa 

2.09 

0.07 

18,400 

0.274 

26,490,000 

0.03 

2.13 

0.07 

18,800 

0.286 

27,072,000 

0.04 

2.18 

0.07 

19,200 

0.298 

27,648,000 

0.04 

166      FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETER  SIXTY  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 

24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

2.22 

0.08 

19,600 

0.311 

28,224,000 

0.04 

2.27 

0.08 

20,000 

0.324 

28,800,000 

0.04 

2.31 

O.OS 

20,400 

0.337 

29,376,000 

0.04 

2.36 

0.09 

20,800 

0.350 

29,952,000 

0.04 

2.41 

0.09 

21,200 

0.364 

30,528,000 

0.05 

2.45 

0.09 

21,600 

0.378 

31,104,000 

0.05 

2.50 

0.10 

22,000 

0.392 

31,680,000 

0.05 

2.54 

0.10 

22,400 

0.406 

32,256,000 

0.05 

2.59 

0.10 

22,800 

0.421 

32,832,000 

0.05 

2.63 

0.11 

23,200 

0.436 

33,408,000 

0.05 

2.68 

0.11 

23,600 

0.451 

33,984,000 

0.06 

2.72 

0.12 

24,000 

0.466 

34,560,000 

0.06 

2.77 

0.12 

24,400 

0.482 

35,136,000 

0.06 

2.81 

0.12 

24,800 

0.498 

35,712,000 

0.06 

2.86 

0.13 

25,200 

0.514 

36,288,000 

0.06 

2.90 

0.13 

25,600 

0.531 

36,864,000 

0.07 

2.95 

0.14 

26,000 

0.547 

37,440,000 

0.07 

.3.00 

0.14 

26,400 

0.564 

38,016,000 

O.Q7 

3.04 

0.14 

26,800 

0.582 

38,592,000 

0.07 

3.09 

0.15 

27,200 

0.599 

39,168,000 

0.07 

3.13 

0.15 

27,600 

0.617 

37,744,000 

0.08 

3.18 

0.16 

28,000 

0.635 

40,320,000 

0.08 

3.22 
3.27 

0.16 
0.17 

28,400 

28,800 

0.653 
0.672 

40,896,000 
41,472,000 

0.08 
0.08 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.     167 


DIAMETEK  SIXTY  INCH. 


Mean 
Velocitv 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 

this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  IT.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

3.31 

0.17 

29,200 

0.  690 

42,048,000 

0.09 

3.30 

0.18 

29,600 

0.709 

42,624,000 

0.09 

3.4!) 

0.18 

30,000 

0.729 

43,200,000 

0.09 

3.4.") 

0.18 

30,400 

0.748 

43,776,000 

0.09 

3.40 

0.19 

30,800 

0.768 

44,352,000 

0.10 

3.54 

0.19 

31,200 

0.788 

44,928,000 

0.10 

3.59 

0.20 

31,600 

0.809 

45,504,000 

0.10 

3.63 

0.20 

32,000 

O.S29 

4(5,080,000 

0.  10 

3.68 

0.21 

32,400 

0.850 

46,656,000 

0.11 

3.72 

0.22 

32,800 

0.871 

47,232,000 

0.11 

3.77 

0.22 

33,200 

O.S92 

47,  80S,  000 

0.11 

3.81 

0.23 

33,  (UK) 

0.914 

48,384,000 

0.11 

3.86 

0.23 

34,000 

0.936 

48,960,000 

0.12 

3.90 

0.24 

34,400 

0.958 

49,  536,  000 

0.12 

3.95 

0/24 

34,800 

0.981 

50,112,000 

0.12 

3.99 

0.25 

35,200 

1.003 

50,688,000 

0.12 

4.04 

0.25 

35,600 

1.026 

51,264,000 

0.13 

4.08 

0.26 

36,000 

1.049 

51,840,000 

0.  13 

4.13 

0.27 

36,400 

1.073 

52,416,000 

0.13 

4.18 

0.27 

36,800 

1.097 

52,992,000 

0.14 

4.22 

0.28 

37,200 

1.120 

5:>,568,(MM) 

0.14 

4.27 

0.28 

37,600 

1.145 

54,144,000 

0.14 

4.31 

0.29 

38,000 

1.169 

54,720,000 

0.14 

4.36 

0.30 

3S,400 

1.194 

55,296,000 

0.15 

168     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEK  SIXTY  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 

per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due 

to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

4.40 

0.30 

38,800 

1.219 

55,872,000 

0.15 

4.45 

0.31 

39,200 

1.244 

56,448,000 

0.16 

4.49 

0.31 

39,600 

1.270 

57,024,000 

0.16 

4.54 

0.32 

40,000 

1.296 

57,600,000 

0.16 

4.58 

0.33 

40,400 

1.322 

58,176,000 

0.16 

4.63 

0.33 

40,800 

1.348 

58,752,000 

0.17 

4.68 

0.34 

41,200 

1.374 

59,328,000 

0.17 

4.72 

0.35 

41,600 

1.401 

59,904,000 

0.17 

4.77 

0.35 

42,000 

1.428 

60,480,000 

0.18 

4.81 
4.86 

0.36 
0.37 

42,400 

42,800 

1.456 
1.483 

61,056,000 
61,632,000 

0.18 
0.19 

4.90 

0.37 

43,200 

1.511 

62,208,000 

0.19 

4.95 

0.38 

43,600 

1.539 

62,784,000 

0.19 

4.99 

0.39 

44,000 

1.568 

63,360,000 

0.20 

5.04 

0.39 

44,400 

1.596 

63,936,000 

0.20 

5.08 

0.40 

44,800 

1.625 

64,512,000 

0.20 

5.13 

0.41 

45,200 

1.654 

65,088,000 

0.21 

.5.17 

0.42 

45,600 

1.684 

65,664,000 

0.21 

5.22 

0.42 

46,000 

1.713 

66,240,000 

0.21 

5.27 

0.43 

46,400 

1.743 

66,816,000 

0.22 

5.31 

0.44 

46,800 

1.773 

67,392,000 

0.22 

5.36 

0.45 

47,200 

1.804 

67,968,000 

0.23 

5.40 

0.45 

47,600 

1.835 

68,544,000 

0.23 

5.45 

0.46 

48,000 

1.866 

69,120,000 

0.23 

FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES.      169 


DIAMETER  SIXTY  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
per 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 
Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
luoo  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 

24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  it* 
Ft.  due 

to  the 
Oriiicr  of 
Influx. 

5.49     !     0.47 

48,400 

1.897  ( 

<;<M;<;)6,000      0.24 

5.54           0.48 

48,800 

1.928 

70,272,000  :    0.24 

5.58          0.48 

49,200 

1.960 

70,848,000      0.24 

5.63 
5.67 

0.49 
0.50 

49,600 
50,000 

1.992      71,424,000'    0.25 
2.024    172,000,000      0.2r> 

5,72 

0.51 

50,400 

2.057 

72,576,000      0.26 

5.76 

0.52 

50,800 

2.090 

73,152,000;    0.2fi 

5.81 

0.52 

51,200 

2.123 

73,728,000      0.2(i 

5.86     ;     0.53 

51,600 

2.156      74,304,000      0.27 

5.90          0.54 

52,000 

2.189      74,880,000 

0.27 

5.95          0.55         52,400 

•2.223    !  75,456,000 

0.28 

5.99          0.56         5-2,800 

2.257    ;  76,032,000      0.2H 

6.04          0.57         53,200 

2.292 

76,608,000      0.29 

6.08          0.58         53,600 

2.326      77,184,000;    0.29 

6.13          0.58         54,000 

2.361      77,760,000  i    0.29 

6.17          0.59      i    54,400 

2.:>)<,x;      78,336,  000      O.JJO 

6.22          0.60         54,800 

2.432      78,912,000      0.3G 

6.26          0.61         55,200 

2.467 

79,488,000 

0.33 

6.31          0.62         55,600 

2.503      80,064,000 

0.31 

6.35          0.63         56,000 

2.539      80,640,000 

0.32 

6.40 

0.64  -       56,400 

2.576 

81,216,000 

0.32 

6.45 

0.65 

56,800 

2.612 

81,792,000 

0.33 

6.49 

0.65 

57,200 

2.649 

82,368,000 

0.33 

6.54          0.(>6 

57,600 

2686      82,944,000      0.3:? 

170     FRICTION  OF  WATER  IN  CAST-IRON  PIPES. 


DIAMETEE  SIXTY  INCH, 


Mean 
Velocity 
of  Water 
in  Ft. 
pel- 
Second. 

Head  in 
Ft.  re- 
quired to 
produce 
this 
Velocity. 

0.67 

Discharge 
in  U.  8. 

Gallons 
per 
Minute. 

58,000 

Loss  of 
Head  in 
Ft.  due  to 
Friction, 
per 
1000  Ft. 

Discharge 
in  U.  S. 
Gallons 
per 
24  Hours. 

Loss  of 
Head  in 

Ft.  due 
to  the 
Orifice  of 
Influx. 

0.34 

6.58 

2.724 

83,520,000 

6.63          O.<18 

58,400 

2.762 

84,096,000 

0.34 

6.67          ().6(J 

58,800 

2.799 

84,672,000 

0.35 

6.72          0.70 
6.76          0.71 

59,200 
59,600 

2.838 
2.876 

85,248,000 
85,824,000 

0.35 
0.36 

6.81          0.72 

60,000 

2.915 

86,400,000 

0.36 

6.85         0.73 

60,400 

2.954 

86,976,000 

0.37 

6.90         0.74 

60,800 

2.993 

87,552,000 

0.37 

6.94 

0.75 

61,200 

3.033 

88,128,000 

0.38 

6.99 

0.76 

61,600 

3.072 

88,704,000 

0.38 

7.04 

0.77 

62,000 

3.112 

89,280,000 

0.39 

7.08 

o.7a 

62,400 

3.153 

89,856,000 

0.39 

7.13 

0.79 

62,800 

3.193 

90,432,000 

0.40 

7.17 

0.80 

63,200 

3.234 

91,008,000 

0.40 

7.22 

0.81 

63,600 

3.275 

91,584,000 

0.41 

7.26 

0.82 

64,000 

3.317 

92,160,000 

0.41 

7.31 

0.83 

64,400 

3.358 

92,736,000 

0.42 

7.35 

0.84 

64,800 

3.400 

93,312,000 

0.42 

Supplementary  Table  A,  of  Theoretical  Velocities,  to  be  Used  in  Obtain* 

ing  Results  Beyond  the  Highest  Limits  of  Table  No,  2, 

<2g=64.4.) 


V 

v2 

2? 

V 

V* 

20 

9 

V2 

20 

V 

w* 

2j 

6.06 

.57 

8.10 

1.02 

13.2 

2.7 

26.0 

10.5 

6.11 

.58 

8.18 

1.04 

13.4 

2.8 

26.6 

11.0 

6.17 

.59 

8.26 

1.06 

13.7 

2.9 

27.2 

11.5 

6.22 

.60 

8.34 

1.08 

13.9 

3.0 

27.8 

12.0 

6.28 

.61 

8.41 

1.10 

14.1 

.     3.1 

28.4 

12.5 

6.32 

.62 

8.49 

1.12 

14.3 

3.2 

28.9 

13.0 

6.37 

.63 

8.57 

1.14 

14.5 

3.3 

99.5 

13.5 

6.42 

.04 

8.64 

1.16 

14.8 

'  3.4 

30.0 

14.0 

0.47 

.65 

8.72 

1.18 

15.0 

3.5 

30.5 

14.5 

6.52 

.66 

8.79 

1.20 

15.2 

3.6 

31.1 

15.0 

6.57 

.67 

8.87 

1.22 

15.4 

3.7 

31.6 

15.5 

6.61 

.68 

8.94 

1.24 

15.6 

3.8 

32.1 

16.0 

6.66 

.69 

9.01 

1.26 

15.8 

3.9 

32.6 

16.5 

6.71 

.70 

9.08 

1.28 

16.0 

4.0 

33.1 

17.0 

6.76 

.71 

9.15 

1.30 

16.4 

4.2 

33.6 

17.5 

6.81 

.72 

9.21 

1.32 

16.8 

4.4 

34.0 

18.0 

6.86 

.73 

9.29 

1.34 

17.2 

4.6 

34.5 

18.5 

6.91 

.74 

9.36 

1.36 

17.6 

4.8 

35.0 

19.0 

5.95 

.75 

9.43 

1.38 

17.9 

5.0 

35.4 

19.5 

6.99 

.76 

9.49 

1.40 

18.3 

5.2 

359 

20.0 

7.04 

.77 

9.57 

1.42 

18.7 

5.4 

36.3 

20.5 

7.09 

.78 

9.63 

1.44 

19.0 

5.6 

36.8 

21.0 

7.13 

.79 

9.70 

1.46 

19.3 

5.8 

37.2 

21.5 

7.18 

.80 

9.77 

1.48 

19.7 

6.0 

37.6 

22.0 

7.22 

.81 

9.83 

1.50 

20.0 

6.2 

38.1 

22.5 

7/26 

.82 

9.90 

1.52 

20.3 

6.4 

38.5 

23.0 

7.31 

.83 

9.96 

1.54 

20.6 

6.6 

38.9 

23.5 

7.35 

.84 

10.0 

1.56 

20.9 

6.8 

39.3 

24.0 

7.40 

.85 

10.1 

1.58 

21.2 

7.0 

39.7 

24.5 

7.44 

.86 

10.2 

1.60 

21.5 

7.2 

40.1 

25.0 

7.48 

.87 

10.3 

1.65 

21.8 

7.4 

40.9 

26.0 

7.53 

.88 

10.5 

1.70 

22.1 

7.6 

41.7 

27.0 

7.57 

.89 

10.6 

1.75 

22.4 

7.8 

42.5 

28.0 

7.61 

.90 

10.8 

1.80 

22.7 

8.0 

43  2 

29.0 

7.65 

.91 

10.9 

1.85 

23.0 

8.2 

43.9 

30.0 

7.70 

.92 

11.1 

1.90 

23.3 

8.4 

44.7 

31.0 

7.74 

.93 

11.2 

1.95 

23.5 

8.6 

45.4 

32.0 

7.78 

.94 

11.4 

2.0 

23.8 

8.8 

46.1 

33.0 

7.82 

.95 

11.7 

2.1 

24.1 

9.0 

46.7 

34.0 

7.86 

.96 

11.9 

2.2 

243 

9.2 

47.4 

35.0 

7.90 

.97 

12.2 

2.3 

24.6 

9.4 

48.1     i     36.0 

7.94 

.98 

12.4 

2.4 

24.8 

9.6 

48.8 

37.0 

7.98 

.99 

12.6 

2.5 

25.1 

9.8 

49.5 

38.0 

8.03 

1.00 

12.9 

2.6 

25.4 

10.0 

50.1         39.0 

EDITION. 

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SEWAGE  DISPOSAL 


IN  THE 


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BY 


GEO.  W.  EAFTEK,  M,  Am,  Soc,  0,  R,  and 
M.  N,  BAKER,  Ph.  B,, 

Associate  Editor  "Engineering  News." 


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Hydrology,  Hydrodynamics,  and  Practical  Construction 
of  Water-Works  in  North  America, 

With  Numerous  TABLES  AND  ILLTJSTEATIONS. 


By  J.  T,  PANNING,  0,  E,, 

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1    Vol.,    400    Pages;    30   Full-page   Plates,    and   75 
Illustrations  in  Text.     Price  $6.00. 

Sewerage 

and  Land 

Drainage. 


BY 


George  E.  Waring,  Jr., 

Honorary  Member  of  the  Royal  Institute  of  Engineers 
(Holland);  Member  of  the  Institution  of  Civil  En- 
gineers (England);  Fellow  of  the  Sanitary  Institute 
of  Great  Britain  ;  Corresponding  Member  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Architects. 

D,  VAN  NOSTRAND  COMPANY, 

PUBLISHERS, 

23  Murray  &  27  Warren  Streets,  New  York. 
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VOLUMES  ON  SANITARY  SUBJECTS 


IN 


The  Van  Nostrand  Science  Series, 

I6mo.     Boards.      Price,  5O  c.  Each. 

AMPLY  ILLUSTRATED  WHEN  THE  SUBJECT  DEMANDS. 


No.  17.— WATER  AND  WATER-SUPPLY.  By  Prof.  W.  H.  Cor- 
fleld  of  the  University  College,  London.  Second 
American  edition. 

No.  18.— SEWERAGE  AND  SEWAGE  PURIFICATION.  By  M. 
N.  Baker,  Assoc.  Ed.  of  Engineering  Xews. 

No.  31.— THE  SANITARY  CONDITION  OF  DWELLING- 
HOUSES  IN  TOWN  AND  COUNTRY.  By  George 
E.  Waring,  Jr. 

No.  50.— DWELLING  HOUSES  :  THEIR  SANITARY  CON- 
STRUCTION AND  ARRANGEMENTS.  By  Prof. 
W.  H.  Corfield. 

No.  55.— SEWER  GASES:  THEIR  NATURE  AND  ORIGIN. 
By  A.  De  Varona. 

No.  61.— POTABLE  WATER  AND  THE  DIFFERENT 
METHODS  OF  DETECTING  IMPURITIES.  By 
Charles  W.  Folkhard. 

No.  63.— HOUSE  DRAINAGE  AND  SANITARY  PLUMBING. 
By  W.  P.  Gerhard.  Sixth  edition.  Revised. 

No.  67.— HYDRAULIC  TABLES  BASED  ON  "  KUTTER'S 
FORMULA."  By  P.  J.  Flynn. 

No.  81.— WATER  METERS:  COMPARATIVE  TESTS  OF  AC- 
CURACY, DELIVERY,  ETC.  Distinctive  features 
of  the  Worthington,  Kennedy,  Siemens,  and  Hesse 
meters.  By  Ross  E.  Browne. 

No.  84.— FLOW  OF  WATER  IN  OPEN  CHANNELS,  PIPES, 
CONDUITS,  SEWERS.  ETC.  With  Tables.  By 
P.  J.  Flynn,  C.  E. 

No.  93.— RECENT  PRACTICE  IN  THE  SANITARY  DRAINAGE 
OF  BUILDINGS.  With  Memoranda  on  the  Cost 
of  Plumbing  Work.  Second  edition,  revised.  By 
William  Paul  Gerhard,  C.  E. 

No.  94.— THE  TREATMENT  OF  SEWAGE.  By  Dr.  C.  Meymott 
Tidy. 

No.  97.— THE  DISPOSAL  OF  HOUSEHOLD  WASTES.  By  W. 
P.  Gerhard,  Sanitary  Engineer. 

No.  103.— THE  MICROSCOPICAL  EXAMINATION  OF  PO- 
TABLE WATER.  With  Diagrams.  By  Geo.  W. 
Rafter. 


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